英美文学考试.docx

英美文学考试.docx

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英美文学考试

Epic：

Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated。

Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.

Romance:

Anyimaginaryliteraturethatdescribedtheidealismworldandthatdealswithheroicandadventuresorbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters。

IngeneralitwasamedievaltalewhichinvolvewithloversandadventuresofKings，Queens,Knights,andLadies，andincludingsomeunlikelyorsupernaturalismhappenings。

Verse：

Formofwriting，arrangedinlines,eachcontainingapatternofaccentedandunaccentedsyllables，allgroupsoflinesformingaunitofrhymescheme.

JohnDryden：

Englishpoetryanddramatists，alsoconsideredthefatherofEnglishliteraturecriticism，hebecamethePoetLaureatein1668。

BlackVerse:

Blankverseisaversethatiswritteninunrhymediambicpentameter，usedinShakespeare'sdramasandMilton'sParadiseLost，isoneofthemostcommonmetricalpatternsinEnglishpoetry.

Gothicnovels-Andfromthemiddleparttotheendofthecenturytherewasalsoanapparentshiftofinterestfromtheclassicliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination，fromsocietytoindividual,andfromthedidactictotheconfessional（忏悔的），inspirationalandprophetic。

Gothicnovels—mostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidated（荒废的,破旧的）andMiddleAgecastles-wereturnedoutprofusely（丰富的）bybothmaleandfemalewriters；workssuchasTheCastleofOtranto（1765）byHoraceWalpole,ThemysteriesofUdolpho（1794）andTheItalian（1797）byMrs.AnnRadcliffe，TheChampionofVirtue,aGothicStory（1777）byClaraReeve,andTheMonk（1796）byM。

G.Lewisbecameverypopular.Eulogizing（颂扬，称赞）orlamenting（挽歌，哀掉）lyricsbynaturepoetslikeJamesThomson，WilliamCollins,andWilliamCowper，andbysuchsentimentalists（多愁善感的人）asthe”GraveyardSchool”werewidelyread.TheromanticpoemsoftheScottishpeasantpoet，RobertBurnsandWilliamBlakealsojoinedin,pavingthewayfortheflourishofRomanticismearlythenextcentury。

Modernismroseoutofskepticism（怀疑主义）anddisillusion（使醒悟）ofcapitalism（资本主义）.Theappalling（可怕的）shockoftheFirstWorldWarseverelydestroyedpeople’sfaithintheVictorianvalues；andtheriseoftheirrational（荒谬的）philosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincited（煽动，激励）writerstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.

TheFrenchsymbolism（象征主义）,appearinginthelate19thcentury,heralded（预示着,先驱）modernism.AftertheFirstWorldWar，allkindsofliteraturetrendsofmodernismappeared:

expressionism，surrealism,futurism，Dadaism（达达主义崇尚虚无的艺术派别），imagismandstreamofconsciousness.Towardsthe1920s，thesetrendsconverged（聚合）intoamightytorrentofmodernistmovement，whichsweptacrossthewholeEuropeandAmerica。

ThemajorfiguresthatwereassociatedwiththismovementwereKafka，Picasso,Pound,Webern，Eliot，JoyceandVirginiawoolf。

Modernismwassomewhatcurbed（抑制）inthe1930s。

ButaftertheSecondWorldWar，avarietyofmodernism，orpost—modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony（苦恼）.”

Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho—analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted（扭曲的），alienated（疏远的）andillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature，manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective。

Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual。

Therefore，theypaymoreattentiontothepsychic（精神的,灵魂的）timethanthechronological（按时间顺序的）one。

Intheirwritings,thepast，thepresentandthefuturearemingled（混合）togetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual。

Modernismis,inmanyaspects，areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism，whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism;itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal，objective，materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism；byadvocatingafreeexperimentation（实验）onnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation，itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot，character，chronologicalnarration，etc.，whichareessentialtorealism。

Asaresult，theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti—novel,anti—poetryandanti-drama.

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TheperiodofOldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066，theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland。

TheGermanictribesfromtheNorthernEuropebroughtwiththemnotonlytheAnglo—Saxonlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,butalsoaspecificpoetictradition，whichisbothboldandstrong，mournful（悲哀的）andelegiac（哀伤的）inspirit。

Generallyspeaking，theOldEnglishpoetrythathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:

thereligiousgroupandthesecular（世俗的）one。

Thepoetryofthereligiousgroupismainlyonbiblical（圣经的）themes。

GenesisA,GenesisBandExodusarepoemsbasedontheOldTestament（旧约）;Whereas（然而）TheDreamoftheRood（基督受难的十字架）comesfromtheNewTestament（新约.Inthispoem，Christisportrayed（描绘）astheyoungwarriorstriding（大步行走）toembracedeathandvictory,whiletherood（cross）itselftakesontheburdenofhissuffering.Inadditiontothesereligiouscompositions，OldEnglishpoetsproducedthenationalepicpoem,Beowulf，andanumberofmoreorlesslyrical（抒情的）poemsofshorterlength，whichdonotcontainspecificChristiandoctrines（教义，信条），butevoke（唤起）theAnglo—Saxonsenseoftheharshness（严酷的）ofcircumstanceandthesadnessofthehumanlot。

TheWanderer，Deor,Theseafarer,andtheWife'scomplaintareamongthemostbeautifulinthisseculargroup。

TheharshclimateofNorthSeastronglyaffectedthetoneormoodofthepoets。

Thelifeissorrowful,andthespeakersarefatalistic（宿命论的）,thoughatthesametimecourageousanddetermined.

Page82

Neoclassicists（新古典主义）hadsomefixedlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenre（流派）ofliterature。

Prose（散文）shouldbeprecise，direct，smoothandflexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical，epical,didactic（说教的）,satiric（讽刺的）ordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples。

DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets（英雄双韵体）（iambicpentameter（抑扬格五音步）rhymedintwolines）;Thethreeunitiesoftime，spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved；regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredto,andtypecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented。

Page83

Andfromthemiddleparttotheendofthecenturytherewasalsoanapparentshiftofinterestfromtheclassicliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination,fromsocietytoindividual，andfromthedidactictotheconfessional（忏悔的）,inspirationalandprophetic。

Gothicnovels-mostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidated（荒废的，破旧的）andMiddleAgecastles-wereturnedoutprofusely（丰富的）bybothmaleandfemalewriters;workssuchasTheCastleofOtranto（1765）byHoraceWalpole,ThemysteriesofUdolpho（1794）andTheItalian（1797）byMrs.AnnRadcliffe，TheChampionofVirtue，aGothicStory（1777）byClaraReeve,andTheMonk（1796）byM.G.Lewisbecameverypopular。

Eulogizing（颂扬,称赞）orlamenting（挽歌，哀掉）lyricsbynaturepoetslikeJamesThomson，WilliamCollins，andWilliamCowper,andbysuchsentimentalists（多愁善感的人）asthe"GraveyardSchool"werewidelyread。

TheromanticpoemsoftheScottishpeasantpoet，RobertBurnsandWilliamBlakealsojoinedin,pavingthewayfortheflourishofRomanticismearlythenextcentury。

Page157

ThemovementwhichwecallRomanticismissomethingnotsoeasytodefine,especiallyconcerningitscharacteristicsordates。

ForitisabroadmovementthataffectedthewholeofEurope（andAmerica）。

However,EnglishRomanticism，asahistoricalphaseofliterature,isgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge'sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.

Page235

Ideologically，theVictoriansexperiencedfundamentalchanges。

Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newinventionsanddiscoveriesingeology（地质学）,astronomy,biologyandanthropologydrasticallyshookpeople'sreligiousconvictions（信念）。

Thereligiouscollisionthatstartedfromtheearlynineteenthcenturycontinuedandwasintensified（变激烈）bythedisputesoverevolutionary（进化）science。

Darwin’sTheOriginofSpecies（1859）andTheDescent（血统）ofMan（1871）shookthetheoreticalbasisofthetraditionalfaith.Newscientificdiscoveriesincreasedpeople’sreligiousdoubtsandanxieties.InhislongpoemInMemoriam（悼念）Tennysonrecordedhisownexperienceofreligiousuncertaintiesbeforethefallingfaithingod。

Ontheotherhand，Utilitarianism（实用主义）waswidelyacceptedandpracticed。

Almosteverythingwasputtothetestbythecriterion（准则）ofutility，thatis，theextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.TheBibleandtheEvangelical（福音派）Orthodoxy（东正教）wereregardedeitherasanoutmoded（过时的）superstitionortestedbytheprincipleofutility。

Churchservicebecameaforminsteadofrealdevotion.Thistheoryheldaspecialappealtothemiddle—classindustrialists（工业家），whosegreeddrovethemtoexploitingworkerstotheutmostandbroughtgreatersufferingandpovertytotheworkingmass.Dickens,Carlyle,Ruskinandmanyothersociallyconsciouswritersseverelycriticizedtheutilitariancreed（信条，教义）,especiallyitsdepreciati