三Trajectory and driving factors for GHG emissions in the Chinese cement industry.docx

三Trajectory and driving factors for GHG emissions in the Chinese cement industry.docx

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三TrajectoryanddrivingfactorsforGHGemissionsintheChinesecementindustry

JournalofCleanerProduction53（2013）252e260

ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirect

JournalofCleanerProduction

journalhomepage:

www.elsevi

TrajectoryanddrivingfactorsforGHGemissionsintheChinesecementindustry

YileiWanga,QinghuaZhua,YongGengb,*

aInstituteofEco-PlanningandDevelopment,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian116024,PRChina

bCircularEconomyandIndustrialEcologyResearchGroup,KeyLabonPollutionEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering,InstituteofAppliedEcology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenyang,LiaoningProvince110016,PRChina

articleinfo

Articlehistory:

Received30October2012Receivedinrevisedform1April2013

Accepted1April2013

Availableonline17April2013

Keywords:

GHGemissionsinventoryDrivingfactors

ChinesecementindustryLMDI

abstract

Accountingfor7%ofenergyconsumptionfromallindustrialsectorsand15%oftotalgreenhousegas（GHG）emissionsinChinain2009,thecementindustryshouldbeoneofthemainsectorstoimplementlowcarbondevelopment.However,adetailedstudyonpresentingitsGHGemissiontrajectoryandidentifyingthekeydrivingfactorshasyettobedone.Undersuchacircumstance,thispaperfirstpresentsaGHGemissioninventoryofthecementindustryinChinaandthenidentifiesthemaindrivingfactorsthatinfluencechangesofGHGemissionsinthecementindustrybyadoptingLMDImethod.OurresultsshowthatthetotalGHGemissionin2009was1095.1Mtcarbondioxideequivalent（CO2e）,ofwhich

592.8MtCO2ewasprocess-relatedand502.3MtCO2ewasenergy-related.Themajorfactorsresponsible

fortheincreaseofGHGemissionsduring2005e2009includecementproductionactivityeffectandclinkerproductionactivityeffect,whileenergyintensityeffectplayedapositiveroletooffsettotalGHGemissions.Finally,wepresentourpolicyimplicationsandprovidepossibletechnicalsolutionsforreducingGHGemissionsofthecementindustryinChina.

©2013ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.Introduction

Overthepastfiftyyears,greenhousegases（GHG）intheatmo-sphereincreasedrapidlyandresultedinclimatechangewithnegativeimpactsonnaturalsystem（IPCC,2007）.AccordingtoIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange（IPCC）,humanactiv-itiesareresponsibleforabout90%ofGHGemissions（Solomonetal.,2009）,inwhichindustrialsectorisoneofthemainsources

Abbreviations:

CO2e,carbondioxideequivalent;GHG,greenhousegas;IPCC,IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange;CSI,CementSustainabilityInitiative;WBCSD,WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment;CBCSD,ChinaBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment;UNCCC,UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference;GDP,grossdomesticproduct;CKD,recycledcementkilndust;EFpro,theemissionfactorinindustrialprocess;EFcl,theemissionfactorofcalci-nationprocess;CFckd,theemissioncorrectionfactorforcementkilndust;RM/CLi-ratio,rawmealtoclinkerratio;fTOCRM,weightfractionoftotalorganiccarbon;EGHG-pro,theprocess-relatedemissions;EGHG-en,energy-relatedemissions;EFi,theemissionfactorforfueli;CCA,ChinaCementYearbook;RDF,RefuseDerivedFuel;EGHG-ele,totalindirectGHGemissions;EFj,theemissionfactorofeachregionalpowergrid;SDA,structuraldecompositionanalysis;IDA,decompositionanalysis;LMDI,logarithmicmeandivisiaindex;CCS,carboncaptureandstorage;R&D,ResearchandDevelopment.

*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:

þ862483970372;fax:

þ862483970371.

E-mailaddress:

gengyong@（Y.Geng）.

ofanthropogenicGHGemissions.Asoneofthemostenergy-intensiveindustrialsectorsandsignificantsourcesofanthropo-genicGHGemissions,thecementindustryamountsforaround5e7%ofglobalGHGemissions（Benhelaletal.,2012）.Cementpro-ductiongeneratescarbondioxide（CO2）directlyduringitsclinkercalciningprocess,andindirectlyreleasesGHGemissions（includingCO2,methane（CH4）,andnitrogenoxide（N2O））duetoitsfossilfuelcombustionandhugeconsumptionofelectricity（Greggetal.,2008）.

Thecementmanufacturingprocessinvolvesthreekeysteps,includingpreparingandgrindingtherawmaterials,heatingthenewlyformedclinkerinakiln,andfinalproductionofcementthroughgrinding.Fig.1liststheoverallproductionandGHGemissionsflowforcementproduction.Forthefirststep,throughtheuseofdrilling,blasting,andcrushingmachines,minedlime-stoneandothermaterialsareconvertedtosmallpieceswithanaveragesizeof0.39inch（about1cm）indiameter.Thesematerialsaregroundedtoveryfinepowdersandblendedwiththecorrectproportions.TheuseofpurchasedelectricityisthemainsourceofGHGemissionsduringthisstep（embodiesemissions）.Thesecondstep（calciningprocess）takesplaceinarotarykilnthatisfiredbyfossilfuelsataveryhightemperature（usuallyabout1400○Ce1500○C）sothattherawmealcanbeconvertedintodriedmaterialafterthegrindingprocess.Thematerialformedinthekilnisnamed

0959-6526/$eseefrontmatter©2013ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

http:

//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.001

electricity

crush

grindandhomogenize

rawmeal

pre-heat

calcine

clinkerelectricity

Limestone,CaCO,MgCO

Clay,shale,otherCaO,MgO,CaSi

fossilfuelelectricity

grind

gypsum

GHGemissionsfromcalciumcarbonatebreakdownGHGemissionsfromcementklindust（CKD）

materialflow

clinker

cement

GHGemissionsfromorganiccarboninrawmaterials

GHGemissionsGHGemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricity

substitution

Fig.1.TheoverallflowchartforcementproductionandrelatedGHGemissions.

as“clinker”andistypicallycomposedofroundednodulesbetween1mmand25mm.InthisprocesscalciumcarbonatebreakdownreleasesCO2andatthesametimealargeamountoffossilfuelsandelectricityareconsumed,generatingGHGemissions.Forthethirdstep,thecooledclinkerisgroundedagaininarotatingfinishingmill.Acombinationofgypsumandclinkersubstitutionisaddedtotheheatedcementduringthisstep.Thefinalproductsarepackedanddistributedtofinalconsumers.GHGemissionsduringthisstepcomefrompurchasedelectricityconsumedbygrindingmachinesandpackagingmachines,aswellasthefuelemissionsforfinaldelivery.

Duetocomplexmaterialandenergyflowsforcementproduc-tion,theinvestigationofGHGemissionsinventoryforcementin-dustryisalsocomplicated.ResearcheffortshavebeenmadeonestablishingguidelinesforGHGaccountingofcementindustryduringthelasttwodecades.Forinstance,IPCCdevelopedCO2ac-countingmethodsforcementproductionprocessinIPCCnationalGHGguidelines（IPCC,2006）.TheCementSustainabilityInitiative

（CSI）oftheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment（WBCSD）released“TheCementCO2andEnergyProtocol”（version3）in2011（CSI,2011）,providingadetailedaccountingmethodonGHGemissionsforcementproduction.In2008,ChinaBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment（CBCSD）andseveralotherorganiza-tionsjointlydevelopedaGHGemissioncalculationmethodforChinesecementindustry,whichhasbeenwidelyusedbytheChi-

nesecementsector（Wang,2011）.

Duetotherapideconomicgrowthandurbanization,ChinahasovertakentheUnitedStatesasthebiggestemitterofGHGemis-sionsintheworld（Guanetal.,2012）,accountingforabout25%ofglobalGHGemissions（EIA,2011）and20%ofglobalprimaryenergyconsumption（BP,2011）.WithinChina,industrialsectorsconsumed71.5%oftotalenergyconsumptionin2009（NBS,2011a）,among

whichthecementindustryaccountedforabout7.5%ofindustrial

40e45%,using2005asthebenchmarkyear,andtoincreasethepercentageofnon-fossilfuelsintheprimaryenergyconsumptiontoapproximately15%by2020（Geng,2011;GengandSarkis,2012）.Undersuchacircumstance,mitigationeffortsbycementsectorareparticularlyimportant.

Followingtheaboveprotocolsandmethods,severalstudieshavebeenconductedforaccountingGHGemissionsinventoryintheChinesecementindustry.Forexample,Leietal.（2011）esti-matedalldirectemissionsofairpollutantsfromChinesecementindustry,includingGHGemissions.Keetal.（2012）analyzedGHGemissionsfromChinesecementindustryandpredictedfutureemissionsthroughscenarioanalysis.Bodenetal.（2009）andCuiandLiu（2008）madetheireffortstocalculateGHGemissionsofChinesecementindustry.WhilethesestudiesmadesignificantcontributionstoGHGemissions’inventoryfortheChinesecementindustry,severallimitationsexist.First,fuelemissionfactors,includingelectricityemissionfactorsusedintheircalculationprocesses,werenotsuitableforChina’sreality;second,sometypesoffuelswerenotconsideredinthesestudies,suchascoke,gangue,refusederivedfuel;third,indirectemissionsbothfromelectricityconsumptionanditssupplychainweremissed.Moreimportantly,thepreviousstudiesonlyconsideredGHGemissionsaccounting,butdidnotidentifythekeydrivingforcesforrapidincreaseofGHGemissionsfromChina’scementindustry.

Hence,ourstudyaimstofillsucharesearchgapsothataholistic

pictureofGHGemissionsfromChinesecementsectorcanbe

Cementpodution（Mt）

3500

3000

2500

57%

energyconsumption（NBS,2011b）.Accordingtothenational12thFive-YearPlan（2011e2015）（StateCouncil,2011）,urbanizationwillbevigorouslyandsoundlypromoted,indicatingthatthetotalGHGemissionsofChinawillincrea