英语语法虚拟式.docx

英语语法虚拟式.docx

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英语语法虚拟式

英语语法——虚拟式

虚拟式（SubjunctiveMood）————theform（ormood）ofaverbthatexpresseswishes,possibilityoruncertainty,oraverbinthisform.虚拟式有两种

形式，即be-型虚拟式（be---Subjunctive）和were---型虚拟式（were--subjunctive）.

be-型虚拟式

【1】用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中三种情况用于

1,decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,req

uire,suggest,Vote等动词之后的that分句中

Eg:

Heorderedthatallthehomework（should）finishedatonce.Sheinsistedthatshe（should）gototheschool.

2,advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossib

le,necessary,obligatory,proper等形容词后的that-分句中

Eg:

Itisnecessarythathe（should）comebackwithoutdelay.

Itwasappropriatethatthistax（should）beabolished.

Itisimperativethatthismission（should）notfail.

3,decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution,advice等名词

之后的that-分句

Eg:

Theirdecisionwasthattheschool（should）remainclosed.

Hisorderthatthetroops（should）notbesentatoncewascarriedout.注意转换

Heorderedthatthebooksbesentatonce.

=Heorderedthatthebooksshouldbesentatonce.=heorderedthebookstobesentatonce.

Itisimportantthatshebeplacedinanappropriatejob.=Itisimportantthatsheshouldbeplacedinanappropriatejob.=Itisimportantforhertobeplacedinanappropriatejob.【2】用于if,though等引导的分句中

be-型虚拟式能用于由if,though,whatever,lest,solongas,whether等引导的分句

中表示推测、让步‘防备等含义

Thougheveryonedesertyou,Iwillnot.

Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratethisdisloyalty.Iftherumorbetrue,everythingispossible.

Whethersheberightorwrong,shewillhavemyunswervingsupport.Quietlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishswimaway.上述用法只适用于正式语体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或用

should/may+不定式

Eg:

Iftherumoristrue,everythingispossible.

Hehidhimselfinthebushlestheshouldbeseen.Whateverhisdefensemaybe,wecan'ttoleratethisdisloyalty.【3】用于某些公式化的语句中

be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化的语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义

Eg.Godblessyou!

Longlivethepeople’sRepublicofchina!

Goddamnyou!

Heavenforbid!

（天理难容～）

Sobeit.（但愿如此、就这样吧）

Sufficeittosatthat…（只需说。

。

。

就够了）=itsufficestosaythat….

Farbeitfrommeto（我极不愿）spoilthefun.=ItisfarfrommetospoilthefunHewillremainhereifneedbe.

Homeishome,beiteversohomely.

恰当使用be--型虚拟式

1,Sheinsistsonhistakinghisvacationnow.

2,Ihadrecommendedhimtobeplacedinamoreresponsibleposition.3,Isuggestedhisfinishingupthatprojectquickly.4,Idemandedhisaccompanyingmetothelearning（听证会）。

5,Thegeneralcommandedthesoldertoadvanceimmediately.6,IpreferMarytotypetheletters.

7,Itwasnecessaryforhimtoleaveimmediately.

8,Itisimportantforhimtobenominated.

9,Headvisedhertowaitforafewweeks.

10,Theboardhasintroducedthemanagertoquit.

11,Heorderedthetroopstomarchtothefrontatonce.12,Congresshasvotedforthislawtobeabolished.

13,Itisabsolutelyessentialforalltheapplicantstobeinterviewedonebyone.

14,Ithinkitadvisableforasecretarytobeappointedatonce.15,Weproposesomebodyneutralforthechair.

16,mayourgreatmotherlandlivelong.

17,letitunderstoodthatbothsidesarewillingtoreachanagreement.18,itsufficestosaythattheopenpolicywillremainunchanged.19,itisnecessaryforeverymembertogetinformedoftheserules.20,theambassadorwillstaythereifnecessary.

were---型虚拟式

【1】用于某些状语分句were---型虚拟式常用于if，ifonly,asif,as

though,though引导的条件状语和让步状语分句中，表示非真实的条件或让

步。

Eg.IfIwereyou,Ishoulddothat.

Ifitweretorain,thegamewouldbeputoff.

IfonlyIwerenotsonervous.要是不那么紧张就好了

HespoketomeasifIweredeaf.

Hebehavesasthoughhewerebetterthanus.

Thoughtheworldwereagainstme,IwoulddowhatIconsiderasright.

【2】用于某些名词性分句中

were---型虚拟式常用于wish,wouldrather,suppose,imagine之后的that-分句

中，表示一种臆想的（通常是不可能发生的）情况。

Eg.Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.Supposetheearthwereflat.

Justimagineeveryoneweretogiveupsmoking.I’dratherIwerenotatthesiteoftheaccident.

上述were-型虚拟式在第一、三人称单数主语之后可为was所取代

Eg:

Ifitwastorain,thegamewouldbeputoff.Ifonlyiwasnotsonervous!

Iwasitwasspringalltheyearround.I'dratheriwasn'tatthesiteoftheaccident.但是，在Ifiwereyou这一分句，通常倾向于用were，不用was，另外在某

些倒装结构中只用were,不用was.

Eg:

WereItodoit,Ishouldrelyonyou.=IfIweretodoit,Ishouldrelyonyou.还有，在asitwere,作sotospeak解，即“宛如”、“好比”结构中也只用were,

不用was.

Eg:

Heismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere.如前所述，虚拟式在现代英语中已经不是一个重要的语法范畴，许多用虚拟式

的地方常为陈述式所取代，以上用shouldbe代替be，用was代替were就是一

例，甚至还可根据语义意图干脆用现在时形式。

Eg:

IwasIwere/wasthere.

Helooksasifhewere/was/issick.

ImagineyouarethesalesmanforFranco'sproduct.练习

1.Far__________（be）itfrommetocallhimathief.2.IfI__________（be）you,ishouldn'tdoit.

3.Hebehavesasthoughhe__________（be）betterthanus.

4.Whatever__________（be）hisdefense,wecannottoleratethisdisloyalty.

5.Homeishome,__________（be）iteversohomely.

6.Itisn'tasifshe__________（notbe）pretty.

7.Itisessentialthathe__________（have）allthefacts.

8.WerecommendthataneutralChairman__________（appoint）.

9.Hefoughtashardasifhiswife__________（be）indanger.

10.Heismybestfriend,mysecondself,asit__________（be）.

11.Itisabsolutelyessentialthatallthefacts__________（examine）first.12.Shetreatsmeasifi__________（be）astrange.

13.Iwishit__________（be）true.

14.Wesuggestthatthisapplicant__________（apply）nextyear.

15.Ifi__________（feel）overtired,iwouldn'tgoon.16.Thecommitteerecommendsthattheannualsubscription__________（increase）to$10.

17.Itishighlydesirablethateveryeffortmadetoreduceexpenditureandthat

everymemberofthestaff__________（economize）whereverpossible.18.Hespoketoherasifshe__________（be）astrange.

19.__________（be）thatasitmay,ourexpenditureisboundtoincrease.

20.TheysuggestedthatSmith__________（drop）fromtheteam.

21.I'dplayfootballwithyouifi__________（be）young.

22.It'snotasthoughhe__________（be）poor.

23.Ifit__________（rain）tomorrow,thematchwouldbepostponed.24.Supposehe__________（see）us!

25.Itisrecommendedthatthework__________（notstart）untilallthepreparationhavebeenmade.

26.__________（suffice）ittosaythatourforeignpolicyremainsunchanged.

27.Thejudgeorderedthatthewitness__________（tell）thetruth.

28.Iproposehe__________（excuse.）

29.Imovethemeeting__________（adjourn）.

30.__________（be）aseriouscrisistoarise,thegovernmentwouldhavetoact

swiftly.

31.Congresshasvotedthatthepresentlaw__________（continue）tooperate.32.Ifneed__________（be）,wecanalwaysbringanothercar.33.It'sessentialthathe__________（be）herebytomorrow.

34.Itisnecessarythateverymember__________（inform）himselfoftheserules.35.Iwishi__________（be）abird.

36.Hewillremainhereifineed__________（be）.

37.Irequirethatthey__________（come）byten.

38.Givehimfoodlesthe__________（perish）.

39.Evenifit__________（be）moredifficult,ishouldtrytoaccomplishit.40.Hemakesanoteoftheassignmentlesthe__________（forget）it.

假设意义表示综括

1.用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义

A）Itistime（that）.....

Eg:

Itistimewewenttobed.

You'vebeenworkinghard,it'stimeyoutookarest.Itistimewehaddinner.

Itisabouttimeyoumadeupyourmind.

Itishightimeyouleftherahand.

B）Iwouldrather/sooner（that）you/he/they....Iamsureheiskeepingsomethingback,I'drathershegothomealittleearlier.

Shegotdrunklastnight,I'drathershehadn'tdrunksomuch.Theyofferedmethisexpensivewine,butfranklyI'drathertheyofferedmesome

beer.

C）Ifonly.....

IfonlyIknowheraddress.

Ifonlyhadenoughmoneywithme.

IfonlyIcouldswim.

IfonlyIhadgonebytaxi.

Ifonlyshehadlistenedtomyadvice.D）Hebehavesasif/asthough......

Heorderedmeaboutasifheweremyboss.Heremembertheaccidentvividlyasifithappenedonlyyesterday.

Shewassittingquietlyinthegardenasif/asthoughnothinghappenedtoher.

Theyarestaringatmeasifiwas/werecrazy.Shelookedasifshehadhadsomebadnews.*在asif/asthough结构中的动词形式通常决定于说话人的语义意图。

比较:

ifeelasifiwas/weregoingtofaint.（我感觉好像要晕倒了）

Ifeelasifiamgoingtofaint.（我感觉（真的）就要晕倒了）

这就是说，在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去形式

Eg:

Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看来好像要下雨了

Itseemsasifwewillhavetogohomeonfoot.Thefishsmellsasifithasgonebad.Theappletastesasifitissour.这苹果味道有点酸

E）Iwish（that）.....

Iwish（that）Ididn'thavetogotoworktoday.Iwish（that）Iwas/wereabittaller.Iwishyouwerecomingwithme,Peter.Iwishihadn'tsaidthat.

Iwishihadbroughtanumbrellawithme.Shewishesshe'dnevergotinvolvedinthewholeaffair.

Iwishthesunwasshiningatthismoment.Iwishihadn'teatensomuchlastnight.以上都表示与现在事实或过去事实相反的主观愿望，如果表示对将来事态的主

观愿望，通常用某些情态动词的过去形式，此种结构便接近于客气的请求或委

婉的劝告。

Iwishyouwouldn'tsmokeinpublicplaces.Iwishyouwouldlistentomyadvice.Iwishicoulddosomethingforyouinreturn.Howiwishshemightlendhimahand.Iwish和ihope都表示希望，但ihope（that）...并不表示假设意义，随后的动词

形式除表示婉转口气外，很少用过去形式

Ihopeyouareready.

Ihopeyouarecomingtoourparty.

Ihopeyoucandosomethingtohelpher.Wehopeyouwillbeveryhappy.

Ihopetheweatherwouldbefavorable.

2.用情态动词过去时形式表示假设意义

常见于条件句和含蓄条件句以及某些特定的语境

【1】用于条件句

Ifiwereyou,iwouldnotmissthisopportunity.

Ifhebefoundguilty,hewouldbesentbesenttoprison.Ifhewerehere,iwouldexplaintohimmyself.

Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind,donotletmeknow.

Ifiknewheraddress,iwouldhavewrittentoher.

Ifihadn