文体学考试大题分析.docx
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文体学考试大题分析
文体学考试大题分析
1.期末考试分析题思路以及材料
Thechecklistoflinguisticandstylisticcategories:
(看到文章,从这四个方面分析)
A:
Lexicalcategories
B:
Grammaticalcategories
C:
Figuresofspeech
D.Cohesionandcontext
细则:
A:
Lexicalcategories:
1.GENERAL.
Isthevocabularysimpleorcomplexformalorcolloquialdescriptiveorevaluativegeneralorspecific
Howfardoesthewritermakeuseoftheemotiveandotherassociationsofwords,asopposedtotheirreferentialmeaning
Doesthetextcontainidiomaticphrases,andifso,withwhatkindofdialectorregister语域aretheseidiomsassociated
IsthereanyuseofrareorspecializedvocabularyAreanyparticularmorphologicalcategoriesnoteworthy(e.g.compoundwords,wordswithparticularsuffixes)
Towhatsemanticfields.dowordsbelong?
Thechecklistoflexicalcategoriesandtheirstylisticfunctions:
1)NOUNS
abstract*(抽象)society/idea,orconcrete(具体)house/cat
Whatkindsofabstractnounsoccur
events:
war/eruption,
perceptions:
understanding/consciousness,
processes:
development,
moral:
virtue
social:
responsibility,
qualities:
bravery
WhatuseismadeofpropernamesArethereanycollectivenounspeople/staff
2)Adjective
referringtowhatattribute
Physical:
woolen
psychological:
joyful
Visual:
hillysquare/snowy
Auditory:
bubbling/sizzling
sensory:
slippery/smooth
Color:
dark/red
referential:
bigdog/whitehouse
Emotive:
exited/happy
Evaluative:
good/fat/bad/lazy
Gradable:
young/tall/useful
ornon-gradable:
atomic/British
Attributive:
anutterfool
orpredicativeheisashore
Restrictivetheexactanswer
Intensifyingthesimpletruth/
acompletevictory/aslighteffort
stativetall/long
ordynamicabusive/ambitious?
3)Verbs
Aretheystativecost/believe/remain,ordynamicwalk/arrive
Dotheyrefertomovementsclimb/jump/slide,physicalactsspread/smell/taste/laugh,orspeechactspersuade/decline/beg,psychologicalstatesoractivitiesthink/feel/imagine/know/love.orperceptionssee/hear/feel
Aretheytransitiveshutthedoor,intransitivethedoorshuts,orlinkingbe/sound/seem/taste/smell
Aretheyfactiveknow/regret/forget/rememberornon-factivebelieve/assume/consider/suppose/think/imagine
4)Adverbs
5)Whatsemanticfunctionsdotheyperform
Manneranxiously/carefully/loudly/willingly
placeaway/along/across/upstairs/elsewhere?
directionbackwards/forward/up/down/in/out?
timeago/already/finally/shortly/immediately
degreealmost/completely/partly/deeply/much
Arethereanysignificantuseofsentenceadverbs
1)adjunctslikehappily,proudly,now,outside?
2)conjunctslikeso,therefore,however
3)disjunctslikecertainly,obviously,frankly?
B:
Grammaticalcategories
1.SENTENCETYPES
Doestheauthoruseonlystatements(declarativesentences),ordoeshealsousequestions,commands,exclamations.orminorsentencetypes(suchassentenceswithnoverb)
Iftheseothertypesareused,whatistheirfunction?
2.SENTENCECOMPLEXITY.
Dosentencesonthewholehaveasimpleoracomplexstructure
Whatistheaveragesentencelength(innumberofwords)
Whatistheratioofdependenttoindependentclauses?
Doescomplexityvarystrikinglyfromonesentencetoanother
Iscomplexitymainlydueto(i)coordination,(ii)subordination,(iii)parataxis(juxtapositionofclausesorotherequivalentstructures)
Inwhatpartsofasentencedoescomplexitytendtooccur
Forinstance,isthereanynotableoccurrenceofanticipatorystructure(e.g.ofcomplexsubjectsprecedingtheverbs,ofdependentclausesprecedingthesubjectofamainclause)
3CLAUSETYPES
Whattypesofdependentclausearefavored:
relativeclauses,adverbialclauses,differenttypesofnominalclauses(that—clauses,wh—clauses,etc)
Arereducedornon-finiteclausescommonlyused,andifso,ofwhattypearethey(infinitiveclauses,—ingclauses,—edclauses,verblessclauses)
.4.CLAUSESTRUCTURE.
Isthereanythingsignificantaboutclauseelements(egfrequencyofobjects,complements,adverbials;oftransitiveorintransitiveverbconstructions)
Arethereanyunusualorderings(initialadverbials,frontingofobjectorcomplement,etc)
Dospecialkindsofclauseconstructionoccur(Suchasthosewithpreparatoryitorthere)
5NOUNPHRASES
Aretheyrelativelysimpleorcomplex?
Wheredoesthecomplexitylie(inpre-modificationbyadjectives,nouns,etc,orinpost-modificationbyprepositionalphrases,relativeclauses,etc)
Noteoccurrenceoflistings(egsequencesofadjectives),coordination,orapposition.
6.VERBPHRASES.
Arethereanysignificantdeparturesfromtheuseofthesimplepasttense
Forexample,noticeoccurrencesandthefunctionsofthepresenttense;oftheprogressiveaspect(egwaslying);oftheperfectiveaspect(eghas/hadappeared);modalauxiliaries(egcan,must,would).
7OTHERPHRASETYPES.
Isthereanythingtobesaidaboutotherphrasetypes:
prepositionalphrases,adverbphrasesadjectivephrases?
8WORDCLASSES.
Havingalreadyconsideredmajororlexicalwordclasses,wemayhereconsiderminorwordclasses(‘functionwords’):
prepositions,conjunctions,pronouns,determiners,auxiliaries,interjections.
Areparticularwordsofthesetypesusedforparticulareffect(egthedefiniteorindefinitearticle;firstpersonpronounsI,we,etc;demonstrativessuchasthisandthat;negativewordssuchasnot,nothing,no)
9GENERAL.
Noteherewhetheranygeneraltypesofgrammaticalconstructionareusedtospecialeffect
e.g.comparativeorsuperlativeconstructions;coordinativeorlistingconstructions;parenthetical.constructions;appendedorinterpolatedstructuressuchasoccurincasualspeech.
Dolistsandco-ordinations(e.g.listsofnouns)tendtooccurwithtwo,threeormorethanthreemembers?
C:
Figuresofspeech
Hereweconsidertheincidenceoffeatureswhicharefore-groundedbyvirtueofdepartinginsomewayfromgeneralnormsofcommunicationbymeansofthelanguagecode;
forexample,exploitationofregularitiesofformalpatterning,orofdeviationsfromthelinguisticcode.Foridentifyingsuchfeatures,thetraditionalfiguresofspeech(schemesandtropes)areoftenusefulcategories.
1GRAMMATICALANDLEXICALSCHEMES.(这一部分会和稍后说的第四部分略有重合)
Arethereanycasesofformalandstructuralrepetition(anaphora,parallelism,etc)orofmirror—imagepatterns(chiasmus)
Istherhetoricaleffectoftheseoneofantithesis,reinforcement,climax,anticlimax,etc.
2PHONOLOGICALSCHEMES.
Arethereanyphonologicalpatternsofrhyme,alliteration,assonance,etc
Arethereanysalientrhythmicalpatterns
Dovowelandconsonantsoundspatternorclusterinparticularways
Howdothesephonologicalfeaturesinteractwithmeaning?
3TROPES修辞.
Arethereanyobviousviolationsof,ordeparturesfromthelinguisticcode
Forexample,arethereanyneologisms(suchasAmericanly)
deviantlexicalcollocations(suchasportentous怪异的infants)
semantic,syntactic,phonological,orgraphologicaldeviations?
Suchdeviationswilloftenbethecluetospecialinterpretationsassociatedwithtraditionalfiguresofspeechsuchasmetaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,paradox,irony.
Ifsuchtropesoccur,whatkindofspecialinterpretationisinvolved(egmetaphorcanbeclassifiedaspersonifying,animizing,concretizing,synaesthetic,etc)
D:
Contextandcohesion
UnderCOHESION衔接waysinwhichonepartofatextislinkedtoanotherareconsidered:
forexample,thewaysinwhichsentencesareconnected.
Thisistheinternalorganizationofthetext.
UnderCONTEXTweconsidertheexternalrelationsofatextorapartofatext,seeingitasadiscoursepresupposingasocialrelationbetweenitsparticipants(authorandreader;characterandcharacter,etc),andasharingbyparticipantsofknowledgeandassumptions.
I.COHESION.
Doesthetextcontainlogicalorotherlinksbetweensentences(egcoordinatingconjunctions,orlinkingadverbials)
Ordoesittendtorelyonimplicitconnectionsofmeaning?
Whatsortofuseismadeofcross—referencebypronouns(she,it,they,etc)bysubstituteforms(do,so,etc),orellipsis
Alternatively,isanyusemadeofelegantvariation—theavoidanceofrepetitionbythesubstitutionofadescriptivephrase
(as,forexample,‘theoldlawyer’or‘heruncle’maysubstitutefortherepetitionofanearlier‘Mr.Jones’)
Aremeaningconnectionsreinforcedbyrepetitionofwordsandphrasesorbyrepeatedlyusingwordsfromthesamesemanticfield
2.CONTEXT.
Doesthewriteraddressthereaderdirectly,orthroughthewordsorthoughtsofsomefictionalcharacter
Whatlinguisticclues(first-personpronounsI,me,my,mine)arethereoftheaddresser-addresseerelationship
Whatattitudedoestheauthorimplytowardshissubject
Ifacharacter’swordsorthoughtsarerepresented,isthisdonebydirectquotation:
directspeech),orbysomeothermethod(egindirectspeech.freeindirectspeech)
Aretheresignificantchangesofstyleaccordingtowhoissupposedlyspeakingorthinkingthewordsonthepage
以下这篇是老师给的一个例子:
(咱们可以当作模版来用,但如果题目不一样,照上面)
题目:
FromJosephConrad,TheSecretSharer
Onmyrighthandtherewerelinesoffishingstakesresemblingamysterioussystemofhalf-submergedbamboofences,incomprehensibleinitsdivisionofthedomainoftropicalfishes,andcrazyofaspectasifabandonedforeverbysomenomadtribeoffishermennowgonetotheotherendoftheocean;fortherewasnosignofhumanhabitationasfarastheeyecouldreach
(1).Totheleftagroupofbarrenislets,suggestingruinsofstonewalls,towers,andblockhouses,haditsfoundationssetinablueseathatitselflookedsolid,sostillandstablediditliebelowmyfeet;eventhetrackoflightfromthewestering,suns