文体学考试大题分析.docx

文体学考试大题分析.docx

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文体学考试大题分析

1．期末考试分析题思路以及材料

Thechecklistoflinguisticandstylisticcategories:

（看到文章，从这四个方面分析）

A:

Lexicalcategories

B:

Grammaticalcategories

C:

Figuresofspeech

D.Cohesionandcontext

细则：

A:

Lexicalcategories：

1.GENERAL.

Isthevocabularysimpleorcomplex?

formalorcolloquial?

descriptiveorevaluative?

generalorspecific?

Howfardoesthewritermakeuseoftheemotiveandotherassociationsofwords,asopposedtotheirreferentialmeaning?

Doesthetextcontainidiomaticphrases,andifso,withwhatkindofdialectorregister语域aretheseidiomsassociated?

Isthereanyuseofrareorspecializedvocabulary?

Areanyparticularmorphologicalcategoriesnoteworthy（e.g.compoundwords,wordswithparticularsuffixes）?

Towhatsemanticfields.dowordsbelong?

Thechecklistoflexicalcategoriesandtheirstylisticfunctions：

1）NOUNS

abstract*（抽象）society/idea,orconcrete（具体）house/cat?

Whatkindsofabstractnounsoccur

events：

war/eruption,

perceptions：

understanding/consciousness,

processes：

development,

moral：

virtue

social：

responsibility,

qualities：

bravery

Whatuseismadeofpropernames?

Arethereanycollectivenounspeople/staff?

2）Adjective

referringtowhatattribute?

Physical：

woolen

psychological：

joyful

Visual：

hillysquare/snowy

Auditory：

bubbling/sizzling

sensory：

slippery/smooth

Color：

dark/red

referential：

bigdog/whitehouse

Emotive：

exited/happy

Evaluative：

good/fat/bad/lazy

Gradable：

young/tall/useful

ornon-gradable：

atomic/British?

Attributive：

anutterfool

orpredicativeheisashore?

Restrictivetheexactanswer?

Intensifyingthesimpletruth/

acompletevictory/aslighteffort?

stativetall/long

ordynamicabusive/ambitious?

3）Verbs

Aretheystativecost/believe/remain,ordynamicwalk/arrive?

Dotheyrefertomovementsclimb/jump/slide,physicalactsspread/smell/taste/laugh,orspeechactspersuade/decline/beg,psychologicalstatesoractivitiesthink/feel/imagine/know/love.orperceptionssee/hear/feel?

Aretheytransitiveshutthedoor,intransitivethedoorshuts,orlinkingbe/sound/seem/taste/smell?

Aretheyfactiveknow/regret/forget/rememberornon-factivebelieve/assume/consider/suppose/think/imagine?

4）Adverbs

5）Whatsemanticfunctionsdotheyperform?

Manneranxiously/carefully/loudly/willingly?

placeaway/along/across/upstairs/elsewhere?

directionbackwards/forward/up/down/in/out?

timeago/already/finally/shortly/immediately?

degreealmost/completely/partly/deeply/much?

Arethereanysignificantuseofsentenceadverbs?

1）adjunctslikehappily,proudly,now,outside?

2）conjunctslikeso,therefore,however?

3）disjunctslikecertainly,obviously,frankly?

B:

Grammaticalcategories

1.SENTENCETYPES

Doestheauthoruseonlystatements（declarativesentences）,ordoeshealsousequestions,commands,exclamations.orminorsentencetypes（suchassentenceswithnoverb）?

Iftheseothertypesareused,whatistheirfunction?

2.SENTENCECOMPLEXITY.

Dosentencesonthewholehaveasimpleoracomplexstructure?

Whatistheaveragesentencelength（innumberofwords）?

Whatistheratioofdependenttoindependentclauses?

Doescomplexityvarystrikinglyfromonesentencetoanother?

Iscomplexitymainlydueto（i）coordination,（ii）subordination,（iii）parataxis（juxtapositionofclausesorotherequivalentstructures）?

Inwhatpartsofasentencedoescomplexitytendtooccur?

Forinstance,isthereanynotableoccurrenceofanticipatorystructure（e.g.ofcomplexsubjectsprecedingtheverbs,ofdependentclausesprecedingthesubjectofamainclause）?

3CLAUSETYPES

Whattypesofdependentclausearefavored:

relativeclauses,adverbialclauses,differenttypesofnominalclauses（that—clauses,wh—clauses,etc）?

Arereducedornon-finiteclausescommonlyused,andifso,ofwhattypearethey（infinitiveclauses,—ingclauses,—edclauses,verblessclauses）?

.4.CLAUSESTRUCTURE.

Isthereanythingsignificantaboutclauseelements（egfrequencyofobjects,complements,adverbials;oftransitiveorintransitiveverbconstructions）?

Arethereanyunusualorderings（initialadverbials,frontingofobjectorcomplement,etc）?

Dospecialkindsofclauseconstructionoccur?

（Suchasthosewithpreparatoryitorthere）?

5NOUNPHRASES

Aretheyrelativelysimpleorcomplex?

Wheredoesthecomplexitylie（inpre-modificationbyadjectives,nouns,etc,orinpost-modificationbyprepositionalphrases,relativeclauses,etc）?

Noteoccurrenceoflistings（egsequencesofadjectives）,coordination,orapposition.

6.VERBPHRASES.

Arethereanysignificantdeparturesfromtheuseofthesimplepasttense?

Forexample,noticeoccurrencesandthefunctionsofthepresenttense;oftheprogressiveaspect（egwaslying）;oftheperfectiveaspect（eghas/hadappeared）;modalauxiliaries（egcan,must,would）.

7OTHERPHRASETYPES.

Isthereanythingtobesaidaboutotherphrasetypes:

prepositionalphrases,adverbphrasesadjectivephrases?

8WORDCLASSES.

Havingalreadyconsideredmajororlexicalwordclasses,wemayhereconsiderminorwordclasses（‘functionwords’）:

prepositions,conjunctions,pronouns,determiners,auxiliaries,interjections.

Areparticularwordsofthesetypesusedforparticulareffect（egthedefiniteorindefinitearticle;firstpersonpronounsI,we,etc;demonstrativessuchasthisandthat;negativewordssuchasnot,nothing,no）?

9GENERAL.

Noteherewhetheranygeneraltypesofgrammaticalconstructionareusedtospecialeffect

e.g.comparativeorsuperlativeconstructions;coordinativeorlistingconstructions;parenthetical.constructions;appendedorinterpolatedstructuressuchasoccurincasualspeech.

Dolistsandco-ordinations（e.g.listsofnouns）tendtooccurwithtwo,threeormorethanthreemembers?

C:

Figuresofspeech

Hereweconsidertheincidenceoffeatureswhicharefore-groundedbyvirtueofdepartinginsomewayfromgeneralnormsofcommunicationbymeansofthelanguagecode;

forexample,exploitationofregularitiesofformalpatterning,orofdeviationsfromthelinguisticcode.Foridentifyingsuchfeatures,thetraditionalfiguresofspeech（schemesandtropes）areoftenusefulcategories.

1GRAMMATICALANDLEXICALSCHEMES.（这一部分会和稍后说的第四部分略有重合）

Arethereanycasesofformalandstructuralrepetition（anaphora,parallelism,etc）orofmirror—imagepatterns（chiasmus）?

Istherhetoricaleffectoftheseoneofantithesis,reinforcement,climax,anticlimax,etc.?

2PHONOLOGICALSCHEMES.

Arethereanyphonologicalpatternsofrhyme,alliteration,assonance,etc?

Arethereanysalientrhythmicalpatterns?

Dovowelandconsonantsoundspatternorclusterinparticularways?

Howdothesephonologicalfeaturesinteractwithmeaning?

3TROPES修辞.

Arethereanyobviousviolationsof,ordeparturesfromthelinguisticcode?

Forexample,arethereanyneologisms（suchasAmericanly）?

deviantlexicalcollocations（suchasportentous怪异的infants）?

semantic,syntactic,phonological,orgraphologicaldeviations?

Suchdeviationswilloftenbethecluetospecialinterpretationsassociatedwithtraditionalfiguresofspeechsuchasmetaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,paradox,irony.

Ifsuchtropesoccur,whatkindofspecialinterpretationisinvolved（egmetaphorcanbeclassifiedaspersonifying,animizing,concretizing,synaesthetic,etc）?

D:

Contextandcohesion

UnderCOHESION衔接waysinwhichonepartofatextislinkedtoanotherareconsidered:

forexample,thewaysinwhichsentencesareconnected.

Thisistheinternalorganizationofthetext.

UnderCONTEXTweconsidertheexternalrelationsofatextorapartofatext,seeingitasadiscoursepresupposingasocialrelationbetweenitsparticipants（authorandreader;characterandcharacter,etc）,andasharingbyparticipantsofknowledgeandassumptions.

I.COHESION.

Doesthetextcontainlogicalorotherlinksbetweensentences（egcoordinatingconjunctions,orlinkingadverbials）?

Ordoesittendtorelyonimplicitconnectionsofmeaning?

Whatsortofuseismadeofcross—referencebypronouns（she,it,they,etc）?

bysubstituteforms（do,so,etc）,orellipsis?

Alternatively,isanyusemadeofelegantvariation—theavoidanceofrepetitionbythesubstitutionofadescriptivephrase

（as,forexample,‘theoldlawyer’or‘heruncle’maysubstitutefortherepetitionofanearlier‘Mr.Jones’）?

Aremeaningconnectionsreinforcedbyrepetitionofwordsandphrasesorbyrepeatedlyusingwordsfromthesamesemanticfield?

2.CONTEXT.

Doesthewriteraddressthereaderdirectly,orthroughthewordsorthoughtsofsomefictionalcharacter?

Whatlinguisticclues（first-personpronounsI,me,my,mine）arethereoftheaddresser-addresseerelationship?

Whatattitudedoestheauthorimplytowardshissubject?

Ifacharacter’swordsorthoughtsarerepresented,isthisdonebydirectquotation:

directspeech）,orbysomeothermethod（egindirectspeech.freeindirectspeech）?

Aretheresignificantchangesofstyleaccordingtowhoissupposedlyspeakingorthinkingthewordsonthepage?

以下这篇是老师给的一个例子：

（咱们可以当作模版来用，但如果题目不一样，照上面）

题目：

FromJosephConrad,TheSecretSharer

Onmyrighthandtherewerelinesoffishingstakesresemblingamysterioussystemofhalf-submergedbamboofences,incomprehensibleinitsdivisionofthedomainoftropicalfishes,andcrazyofaspectasifabandonedforeverbysomenomadtribeoffishermennowgonetotheotherendoftheocean;fortherewasnosignofhumanhabitationasfarastheeyecouldreach

（1）.Totheleftagroupofbarrenislets,suggestingruinsofstonewalls,towers,andblockhouses,haditsfoundationssetinablueseathatitselflookedsolid,sostillandstablediditliebelowmyfeet;eventhetra