英国文学选读课后问题详解.docx

英国文学选读课后问题详解.docx

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英国文学选读课后问题详解

英国文学选读

Poems:

Hamlet（Act3,Scene1,lines55-86）

生存或毁灭,这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击,

还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。

死即睡眠,它不过如此!

倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患,那么,此结局是可盼的!

死去,睡去...

但在睡眠中可能有梦,啊,这就是个阻碍:

当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,

在死之长眠中会有何梦来临?

它令我们踌躇,使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾,

否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨,如暴君之政、骄者之傲

失恋之痛、法章之慢贪官之侮、或庸民之辱

假如他能简单的一刃了之?

还有谁会肯去做牛做马,终生疲於操劳

默默的忍受其苦其难,而不远走高飞,飘於渺茫之境

倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前?

此境乃无人知晓之邦,自古无返者

进入我们无法知晓的地域所以,「理智」能使我们成为懦夫

而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光,像个病夫

再之,这些更能坏大事,乱大谋,使它们失去魄力。

HamletP8

1.Whyissleepsofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan“end”theheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks”?

Nobodycanpredictwhathewilldreamofafterhefallsasleep.Deathmeanstheendoflife,youmaygotoorunknownworldandyoucan’tcomeback.Ifhedies,Hamlet’scan'trealizehiswill.Though“sleep”canendtheheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks,itisastateofmind.Hamletdidn’tknowatall.Heisfrightenedbythepossiblesufferinginthelong“dream”.Hecan’tpredictwhatwillhappeninthesleep,maybegoodmaybeevil.

2.Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathtogetridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?

Deathissomysteriousthatnobodyknowswhatdeathwillbringtous.Maybebittersufferings,greatpains,heartbreakingstories…Becausepeopleholdthesameidea"togruntandsweatunderawearylife,butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath-theundiscoveredcountry,formwhosebournnotravelerreturns-puzzlethewill,andmakeusratherbearthoseillswehavethanflytoothersthatweknownotof?

”Peoplealsoarefrightenedbythemythsinanotherworldafterdeath.

3.What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?

Pleaseexplaininrelationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.

Conscienceandover-considerations.Hewantstorevenge,butdoesn’tknowhow.Hewantstokillhisuncle,butfindsittoorisky.Helivesindespairandwantstocommitsuicide.However,heknowsifhedies,nobodywillcomforthisfather’sghost.Heisinfaceofgreatdilemma.Theydon’tknowtheresultaftertheirtakingtheaction.SuchasHamlet,hedoesn’tknowwhatwouldhappenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimself.SoHamletwashesitated.

Sonnet18P15

我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？

你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：

狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：

天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：

被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。

但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，

或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。

只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。

1.Howdoesthepoetanswerthequestionheputsforthinthefirstline?

Thepoetopenswithaquestionthatisaddressedtothebeloved,"ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

"Thisquestioniscomparing“thee”tothesummertimeoftheyear.Itisduringthistimewhentheflowersareblooming,treesarefullofleaves,theweatheriswarm,anditisgenerallyconsideredasanenjoyabletimeduringtheyear.Thefollowingelevenlinesinthepoemarealsodedicatedtosimilarcomparisonsbetweenthebelovedandsummerdays.

2.Whatmakesthepoetthinkthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummerandimmortal?

Attheverybeginning,thepoetputsforthaquestion:

“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

”Thenhegivesananswer:

“Thouartlovelierandmoretemperate.”Ontheonehand,“RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;”ontheotherhand,“Sometimetoohottheheavenshines,andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed.”Sofromtheabovetwoaspectsthepoetthinksthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummer.Inaddition,“Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,bychance,ornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed.”Comparedwithimmortal,“Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,norshalldeathbragthouwand’restinhisshade,whenineternallinestotimesthougrow’st.”Therefore,thepoetdrawsaconclusion:

“Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.”Inthispoem,thepoetmakes“thou”morebeautifulthansummerandimmortalbecauseofhisbeautifullines.Sointhiscase,“thou”inthepoemcanberegardedasfemalebecauselovecanbeautyeternal.Or“thou”canbereferredtomale,forfriendshipcanmakebeautyeverlasting.Even“thou”canbeabstract“love”or“beauty”whichwillbecomeeternalinthewonderfulpoem.

莎士比亚诗歌的两个主题：

时光不饶人，青春和美丽是短暂的；只有诗歌才有力量使美丽与爱情永存。

（theme:

只有文学可与时间抗衡）

Change,Fate,andEternity

Howevermuchitmightlookhe’spraisingabeloved,thispoetisdefinitelymoreconcernedwithtootinghisownhorn.Really,youcouldsumupthepoemlikethis:

"DearBeloved:

You’rebetterthanasummer’sday.ButonlybecauseIcanmakeyoueternalbywritingaboutyou.Love,Shakespeare."Thatmessageiswhyimagesandsymbolsoftime,decay,andeternityarealloverthispoem.Whetherornotwethinkthebelovedisactuallymadeimmortal（orjustmoreimmortalthanthesummer’sday）isupintheair,butit’scertainlywhatthespeakerwantsyoutothink.

Line4:

Thisiswherethespeakerstartspointingtohowshortsummerfeels.Usingpersonificationandmetaphor,thespeakersuggeststhatsummerhastakenoutaleaseontheweather,whichmustbereturnedattheendofthesummer.Summeristreatedlikeahome-renter,whiletheweatheristreatedlikeareal-estateproperty.

Lines7-8:

Theselinesgiveustheproblem（everything’sgoingtofadeaway）thatthepoetisgoingtoworkagainst.

Lines9-12:

Theselinesarefullofallsortsoffigurativelanguage,allpointingtohowthespeakerisgoingtosavethebelovedfromthefateoffadingaway.Thebeloved’slifeisdescribedinametaphorasa"summer,"andthenhisorherbeautyisdescribedinanothermetaphorasacommoditythancanbeownedorowed.Deathisthenpersonified,astheoverseeroftheshade（ametaphoritselfforanafterlife）.Finallythe"linestotime"areametaphorforpoetry,whichwillultimatelysavethebeloved,and"eternal"isaparallelwith"eternalsummer"inline9.

Lines13-14:

What’ssointerestingabouttheselinesisthatit’shardtotellwhetherthespeakerisusingfigurativelanguageornot.Doesheactuallymeanthatthepoemisalive,andthatitwillkeepthebelovedalive?

Well,itdependswhatwemeanby"alive."Ifwereadalivescientifically,asinbreathingandthinking,wellthenaliveisdefinitelyametaphor.Butifwereaditasdescribingacontinuedexistenceofsomekind,wellthenmaybehedoesmeanitliterally,sincesurelythepoemandthebelovedexistforusinsomesense.

Sonnet18dealswiththeconventionalthemethatnaturalbeautywillsurelybeknockedoutwiththepassingoftimeandthatonlyart（poetry）canbringeternitytotheonethepoetlovesandeulogizes.

IWanderedLonelyasaCloudP61

我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，

突然我看见一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放，

它们开在湖畔，开在树下，它们随风嬉舞，随风波荡。

它们密集如银河的星星，像群星在闪烁一片晶莹，

它们沿着海湾向前伸展，通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；

一眼看去就有千朵万朵，万花摇首舞得多么高兴。

粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；

诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴，又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃；

我久久凝视－－却未领悟这景象所给我的精神至宝。

后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠；

这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞；

我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐。

1.Whatistherelationbetweenthepoetandnatureasdescribedinthepoem?

ThemeofManandtheNaturalWorld:

Wordsworthisthegranddaddyofallnaturepoets,andhe’sintopformin"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud."Inherjournalentryaboutthedayinquestion,Wordsworth'ssisterDorothywroteabouttheirsurpriseatfindingsomanydaffodilsinsuchastrangeplace,nexttoalakeandundersometrees."How’dthosegetthere?

"shewondered,evenguessingthatmaybetheseedsfloatedacrossthelake.Theeventisoneoftheminormiraclesthatnatureproducesallthetime,asanyonewhohasseenthedocumentaryPlanetEarthortheDisneymovieEarthknows.Wordsworth’snatureisfulloflifeandvitality.Heappreciatesitswildnessandunpredictability,buthehumanizesthelandscapeandfitsittohisownmind.

ThemeofHappiness"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud"isapoemthatjustmakesyoufeelgoodaboutlife.Itsaysthatevenwhenyouarebyyourselfandlonelyandmissingyourfriends,youcanuseyourimaginationtofinenewfriendsintheworldaroundyou.AsJohnMiltonfamouslywrote,"Themindisitsownplace,andinitself,canmakeheavenofHell,andahellofHeaven."Thespeakerofthispoemmakesaheavenoutofawindydayandabunchofdaffodils.Hishappinessdoesnotlastforever–he’snotthatunrealistic–butthedaffodilsgivehimalittleboostofjoywheneverheneedsit,likerecharginghisbatteries.

ThemeofSpiritualityThe19thcenturyScottishwriterThomasCarlylecoinedthephrase"naturalsupernaturalism,"whichhasbeenusedbylatercriticstodescribehowtheRomanticpoets,andespeciallyWordsworth,viewedthenaturalworldasaspiritualrealm.TheideaisthatHeavencomesdowntoearthandisviewedaspartoftheworld.Thispoemillustratestheprincipleofnaturalsupernaturalism.Thedaffodilsarelikeangelsandtwinklingstars,andthe"bliss"ofheavenoccursinspeaker’simagination.HeusesChristianideasandimagestomakeanodetonaturewithoutanyreferencetoGod.

ThemeofMemoryandthePast"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud"isalmostlikeasimplerversionof"TinternAbbey,"oneofWordsworth’sothermostfamousworks.Inbothpoems,thememoryofbeautifulthingsservesasacomforttothespeakerevenaftertheexperienceofviewingthemhasended.Hecanalwaysdrawonhisimaginationtoreproducethejoyoftheeventandtorememberthespiritualwisdomthatitprovided.Inthecaseof"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud,"wedonotrealizejusthowfarinthefuturethespeaker’sperspectiveislocateduntilthefourthstanza,whenhedescribesjusthowoftenthedaffodilshavecomfortedhim.

2.Doyouthinknaturecanhavehealingeffectonmind?

Ith