英美文学选读名词解释笔记总结.docx

英美文学选读名词解释笔记总结.docx

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英美文学选读名词解释笔记总结

01.Humanism（人文主义）

　　HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.

Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife，buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.

02.Renaissance（文艺复兴）

Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”，itmeantthereintroductionintowesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.

　　2>theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14thand15thcenturiespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandreformation.

　　3>therealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.

　03.Metaphysicalpoetry（玄学派诗歌）

　　Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.

　　2>witharebelliousspirit，theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.

　　3>thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods，andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4>theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.

　04.Classicism（古典主义）

Classicismreferstoamovementortendencyinart，literature，ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal，andplacesvalueonreason，clarity，balance，andorder.Classicism，withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes，istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism，whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.

05.Enlightenment（启蒙运动）

　　EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.

　　2>themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14thcenturytothemid-17thcentury.

　　3>itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.

　　4>itcelebratedreasonorrationality，equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.

　　5>famousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeAlexanderpope,JonathanSwift,etc.

06.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）

　　Inthefieldofliterature，theenlightenmentmovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.

　　2>thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.

　　3>theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder，logic，restrainedemotionandaccuracy，andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.

　07.TheGraveyardSchool（墓地派诗歌）

　　TheGraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationonlife.Pastandpresent，withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.

　　2>ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegywritteninacountrychurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.

　08.Romanticism（浪漫主义）

　　1>Inthemid-18thcentury，anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.

　　2>Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism，whichemphasizedreason，orderandelegantwit.Instead，romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion，emotion，andnaturalbeauty.

　　3>Inthehistoryofliterature.Romanticismisgenerallyregardedasthethoughtthatdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.4>TheEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetrywhichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeWordsworth，ByronandShelley.

　09.ByronicHero（拜伦式英雄）

　　Byronicheroreferstoaproud，mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.

　　2>withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers，thisByronicHerowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety.Andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment，inreligion，orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.

　　3>Byron‘schiefcontributiontoEnglishliteratureishiscreationofthe“ByronicHero”

10.CriticalRealism（批判现实主义）

　　CriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.

　　2>Itmeansthetendencyofwritersandintellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodsofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.

　　3>Realistwriterswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.

　　4>CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.

　11.Aestheticism（美学主义）

　　ThebasictheoryoftheAestheticmovement——“artforart‘ssake”wassetforthbyaFrenchpoet，TheophileGautier，thefirstEnglishmanwhowroteaboutthetheoryofaestheticismwasWalterPater.

　　2>aestheticismplacesartabovelife，andholdsthatlifeshouldimitateart，notartimitatelife.

　　3>Accordingtotheaesthetes，allartisticcreationisabsolutelysubjectiveasopposedtoobjective.Artshouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoism.Onlywhenartisforart‘ssake，canitbeimmortal.Theybelievedthatartshouldbeunconcernedwithcontroversialissues，suchaspoliticsandmorality，andthatitshouldberestrictedtocontributingbeautyinahighlypolishedstyle.

　　4>ThisisoneofthereactionsagainstthematerialismandcommercialismoftheVictorianindustrialera，aswellasareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality‘ssake，orartformoney’ssake.

　　美学运动的基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔。

高缔尔提出，英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特。

佩特。

美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活，认为生活应模仿艺术，而不是艺术模仿生活。

在美学主义看来，所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物。

艺术不应受任何功利的影响，只有当艺术为艺术而创作时，艺术才能成为不朽之作。

他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题，艺术应着力于以华丽的风格扬美。

这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应，也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战。

　　12.TheVictorianperiod（维多利亚时期）

　　Inthisperiod，thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.Whilestickingtotheprincipleoffaithfulrepresentationofthe18thcenturyrealistnovel，novelistsinthisperiodcarriedtheirdutyforwardtocriticismofthesocietyandthedefenseofthemass.

　　2>althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques，theysharedonethingincommon，thatis，theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutions，thedecayingsocialmoralityasrepresentedbythemoney-worshipandUtilitarianism，andthewidespreadmisery，povertyandinjustice.

　　3>theirtruthfulpictureofpeople‘slifeandbitterandstrongcriticismofthesocietyhaddonemuchinawakeningthepublicconsciousnesstothesocialproblemsandintheactualimprovementofthesociety.

　　4>CharlesDickensistheleadingfigureoftheVictorianperiod.

13.Modernism（现代主义）

　　Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermfora movement，whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.

　　2>modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.

　　3>thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry，fiction，drama，painting，musicandarchitecture.

　　4>inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s，inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod，modernisttendencieswereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.

　　5>asfarasliteratureisconcerned，Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrules，traditionsandconventions.freshwaysoflookingatman‘spositionandfunctionintheuniverseandmanyexperimentsinformandstyle.Itisparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhowtouseitandwithwritingitself.

　14.Streamofconsciousness（意识流）（orinteriormonologue）

　　Inliterarycriticism，Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividual‘spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter’sthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext，transferredfrompsychology，isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow，tracingastheydoacharacter‘sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.FamouswriterstoemploythistechniqueintheEnglishlanguageincludeJamesJoyceandWilliamFaulkner.

　　学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

意识流是现代主义运动的表达，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅。

辛克拉提出的，后引进文学领域。

意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的心独白。

它的特别是联想性，以句法和标点的跳跃，文章的晦涩难懂为特征。

来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉。

比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯。

福克纳。

　15.AmericanPuritanism（美国清教主义）

　　PuritanismwasareligiousreformthatarosewithintheChurchofEnglandinthelate16thcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown，itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesofthe17thtothenorthernEnglishcoloniesinthenewworld——amigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious，intellectual，andsocialorderofNewEngland.Puritanism，however，wasnotonlyahistoricallyspecificphenomenoncoincidentwiththefoundingofnewEngland，itwasalsoawayofbeingintheworld——astyleofresponsetolivedexperience——thathasreverberatedthroughAmericanlifeever