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English reviews.docx

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一、填空

CHAPTER1

1.Applicationletter

Twotypes:

Recommendation&Self-recommendation

2Thecoverletter（alsocalledapplicationletter）’ssolepurposeistogettherecipienttoreadyourresume.

Itshouldbeclear,conciseandstraighttobepoint.

3Whatisjobapplicationletter?

Introductiontoafutureemployer

Afirstimpressionofyouandyourwritingability

Highlightofyourresume

4FeaturesofApplicationLetters

Clearness（明了）

Conciseness（简洁）

Correctness（准确）

Courtesy（politeness）（礼貌）

5StructureofEnglishApplicationLetters

Heading

InsideAddress

Salutation

Body

ComplementaryClose

Signature

Enclosure.（Enc/Encl.）

6.Enc.2means

Thereweretwoenclosuresinthisapplicationletter.

7Indentedstyle缩进式

Blockstyle平头式

CV（Curriculumvitae）来自拉丁语多用于申请研究院和高等学府的研究生计划、教授职位等

Resume来自法语，多用于申请企事业单位的专业性工作和白领职位等

Aresumeisaself-marketingtool.Itdesignedwithonepurposeinmind-to“sell”yourskills,knowledge,andexperiencetoanemployersothathe/shewillinviteyouforaninterview.

Aneffectiveresumespeakstotheemployer’sneedsandrequirementsanddemonstratesamatchbetweenwhatyouhavetoofferandthoserequirements.

1Typesofresumes

Thechronological[,krɔnə'lɔdʒikəl]时间型

&functionalresumes,功能型Orsomecombinationofthesetwoformats.

2Resumebasics

Identification抬头

Careerobjectives职业目标

Educationalexperience

Workexperience

Activitiesor（Interests,skills,memberships,awards）

Identification

Resume

NameoftheApplicant

Address

Phonenumber

E-mailaddress

CHAPTERTWOMEMOS

Amemorandumormemoforshortisaninternaldocumentthatisgenerallyshort,focusesonasingletopic,reportsinformation,makearequest,orrecommendsaction.

1Functions:

Informative----informreaderofnewinformation

Persuasive-----persuadereadertotakeaction

2Amemoisusuallycomposedbytwoparts:

headingandbody.

It’slaidoutinthisway:

Heading:

TO：

（reader’snamesandjobtitles）FROM：

（yournameandjobtitle）

DATE：

（completeandcurrentdate）SUBJECT:

（whatthememoisabout）

Body:

Anopeningthatclarifieswhythememoisbeingsent,

Detailsthatareneededforunderstandingorsupportofwhatisbeingpresentedorasked;

Andaclosingthatmakesclearwhatactionisrequested.

CHAPTERTHREE----MINUTESOFMEETING

Minutearewrittenasanaccuraterecordofqgroup’smeeting,andarecordofdecisionstaken.

Minuteisasummarizedrecordofwhathastakeninameeting.

It’sawrittenrecordtobekeptforfuturereference.参照

Itmayrecordreviewofthepastactivities,newdecisionsandpolices,andprovidethedecision-makingprocess.

1Allminutesshouldcoverfourbasicthings:

Whereandwhenthemeetingtookplace

Whowasthereandwhowasnot

Whathasbeendecidedforthegroup

Whohasagreedtodothat

2Mostminutescanbedividedintofourparts:

Heading

Body

Adjournment

Signatureoftheminutesrecorder

1）TheHeading

Meetingtitle（regular,special,orannual）

Thenameofthegroup/organizationholdingthemeeting

Time,dateandplaceofthemeeting

Thenameofthepresidingofficerandminutesrecorder（thelatteralsoappearsattheendoftheminutes,withsignaturetypedorprintedname）

Listofpeopleattending

Listofabsentmemberofthegroup

2）Body

Atthefirstpurposeofaminutesistosetouttheconclusionsreached,sothosewhohavetotakeactionwillknowpreciselywhattheyhavetodo;

Thesecondistogivethereasonswhytheconclusionswerereached.

Thesolepurposeoftheopeningstatementistomakethesubsequentdiscussionintelligible（capableofbeingunderstood）withoutreferencetootherdocuments.

a）Thetopicofthemeeting

Itemsn.项目；名目；所有物品（item的复数形式）ofoldbusiness:

Minutesofthepreviousmeeting（noteanycorrectionsandstatetheActiontakenonthelastmeeting’sMinutes）

b）Itemsofnewbusiness：

（Statementsofwhatactuallyoccurredatthemeeting）

c）Anyotherbusiness

THREESACTIONS

Openingstatement,thatis,thebackground

Pointsindiscussion

Conclusions,thatis,resolutionsorrecommendationsordecisionsreached

3）Dateofnextmeeting

4）Adjournment

5）Signature

3TypesofMeetingMinutes

MinutesofNarration叙述型会议记录

MinutesofResolution决议型会议记录

MinutesofAction行动型会议记录

Narrativeminutesprovideasummarizedrecordofwhatwassaidatameeting.Theygiveafullaccountofthemeetinginthattheyincludediscussionwhichmayleaduptoadecision.

Resolutionminutes,sometimescalleddecisionminutes,onlyshoworrecordthedecisionreachedduringthemeeting,notthediscussionleadinguptothedecision.

Inotherwords,theyarelimitedtotherecordingoftheactualwordsofallresolutionsthatwerepassed.

Actionminutesshowthesamecontentasthenarrativeminutes,butinadditionindicateanyfutureactionrequiredandassignresponsibilityoftaskstospecificpeople.

Therefore,actionminutescompromisebetweenresolutionandnarrativeminutes.

4LanguageinMinutes

1）Pasttenseandpassivevoice过去时态和被动语态

2）Reportedspeech以汇报的形式撰写

3）employaccurate&impersonallanguage

4）AvoidusingJargon，Commonsayingandirrelevantinformation.Theminutesofameetingshouldserveassnapshotofthedecisionsanddiscussions,sokeepthembriefandtothepoint.

5）useavailableformats

5Moreaboutminutes

legalandauthoritativeforce.

Mainpoints

Mustbeclearaboutwhatthespeaker“meant”,notjustwhatindividual“said”

Theprocessofminuteswritingisaprocessofinterpretation,notjustrepetition

Avoidbias偏见whenrecordingitems

CHAPTER4InstructionsandAdvice

Instructionsareinformationaboutwhattodoandthosestep-by-stepexplanationsofhowtodoorwheretogo.

Wenarrowdowntheobjectofstudytooneofinstructionsnamelytheinstructionsforproducts,theinstructionstoberead.

Instructionsforproductsmayfallintotwokinds,instructionsforproductsandinstructionsfortheuseofproducts.

Whenpeoplereadinstructions,readersalwaystrytofindtheusefulinformationthattheywant:

thenecessarytools,thecorrectstepsandcautions,acompleteinstructionsshouldincludetheseparts:

Title

Haveareader-centeredtitle.

GeneralIntroduction

AGeneralWarning,CautionandDangerNotice

ATechnicalBackgroundorTheory

EquipmentandSupplies

Discussionofthesteps

AConclusion

GuidelinesofWritingInstructions

Preparetowriteinstructions

Imperativesentences祈使句arepreferredadj.优先的；首选的v.偏爱（prefer的过去分词）

Putthestepinsequentialadj.连续的；相继的；有顺序的（oftennumberthestep）orlogicalorder.Makethesectionsoftheinstructionsvisuallydistinct.

Instructionsareusuallywritteninthepresenttense.

Instructionsandadviceareimportantintheworldofbusiness.Thesetypesofwritingappearin

Noticestoemployees

Usermanuals

Menus

SOMETIPS

Workouttherightorderforyourinstructions

Keepyoursentencesshortandsimple

Numberyourinstructionsifyouwish

Usecommandverbs

Usethepresentorsometimesthefuturetense

Presentyourwritingclearly

GUIDELINEESFORWRITINGINSTRUCTIONS

Shortsentencesbeginningwithaninfinitive不定式verbform

Activeverbs

adj.积极的；活跃的；主动的；有效的；现役的n.主动语态；积极分

Simplewords（jargon-free）

Consistent一致的sentencestructure

Different,logicalformattingfeatures（differentfontsize,bulletpoints/numbersandwhitespace,headings,sub-headings）

CHAPTER5Questionnaire

Aquestionnaireisasetofquestionsdesignedtocollectinformationfromarespondent.

Aquestionnairemaybeinterviewer-administeredorrespondent-completed,usingpaper-and-pencilmethodsofdatacollection,telephonemethodsorcomputer-assistedmodesofcompletionorInternetdatacollection.

1.Awell-designedquestionnaireshouldmeettheresearchobjectives.

2.Itshouldobtainthemostcompleteandaccurateinformationpossible.

3.Awell-designedquestionnaireshouldmakeiteasyforrespondents

togivethenecessaryinformationandfortheinterviewertorecordtheanswer,anditshouldbearrangedsothatsoundanalysisandinterpretationarepossible.

4.Itwouldkeeptheinterviewbriefandtothepointandbesoarrangedthattherespondentsremaininterestedthroughouttheinterview.

Theprocedureofconstructingthemainbodyofaquestionnaire

Specifythevariableanddefineit指定变量定义

Decidethetypesofinformationtocollect

Decidethewayyouprocessthedata决定处理数据的方法

Chooseaquestionstructure:

open/closed

Constructindividualitem

WHATSHOULDBEINCLUDEDINAQUESTIONNAIRE？

Ageneralexplanation

Backgroundinformation

Instructions/directions

Questionnaireitems

Anoteofthanks

Frequencyscale

Never

Occasionally

Sometimes

Often

Veryoften

Degreeofagreementscale

Stronglydisagree

Disagree

Uncertain

Agree

Stronglyagree

CHAPTER6ADERVERTISEMENTANDPROMOTION

Anadvertisementiswhatisdisplayedonthesitesofpublishers.Itisanoversimplificationtosaythatthepurposeofadvertisingistosellaproduct.

ThePurposeofAdvertisement

Givingconsumersinthetargetmarketapositiveimageofaparticularproductorservice

Helpingtopositiontheproductinthemarket

Informingandpersuading

THREEMAINWAYSINPERSUASION

Appealtoreason

Appealtoemotions

Appealtotrust

Thecontentofanypromotionalmaterialmust:

ArouseInterestMakethereaderscurious.Theinformationyougivemustpersuadethereadersthatyouhavesomethingvaluabletooffer.Youthenneedtomotivatethemtobuy.

StressbenefitsMakeallthebenefitsmentionedcustomer-centered,notsupplier-centered.Convincethereadersthatyourproductorservicewillmakethemhealthier,wealthierandwiser.

BetruthfulMakesurethat