句子成分定语从句名词性从句状语从句详解.docx
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句子成分定语从句名词性从句状语从句详解
句子成分
一．动词基本分类：
1.实义动词包括及物（vt）和不及物（vi）
vt直接带宾语HelikesEnglish.Vi不需带宾语Didhecomeyesterday?
若要带宾语中间需加介词Hearrivedattheairport.
2.连系动词如：
be/look/sound/keep/taste/smell/taste/seem/become/turn/remain（依然）…
3.助动词：
本身无意义，要与实义动词组成谓语。
如：
do/does/will/would/have/has
HehasgonetoBeijing.HewillleaveforBeijing.
4情态动词：
can/could/may/might…
二．副词一般修饰动词/形容词/副词
基本分类：
1时间副词now/ago/once/already…
2地点副词here/downstairs/back/outside/off…
3方式副词carefully/fast/suddenly…
4程度副词almost/very/so/much/deeply…
5频度副词always/usually/sometimes…
三．句子成分：
构成句子的各个部分。
A．主语-可由以下表示：
1．名词：
Americanmusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.
2．代词：
Whoisthemanstandingoverthere?
3．数词：
One-thirdofthestudentsaregirls.
4．不定式：
Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.=Itisagreatpleasuretoswimintheriver（It是形式主语）
5．动名词：
Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.
6．从句：
Whenwearegoingtohavethetestisclear.
B.谓语在句中一般由动词充当
1.Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
2.Hehascaughtacold.
3.Wemaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.
C.表语一般位于系动词之后可由以下表示：
1．代词：
Isityours/Itismine.
2．形容词：
Theweatherhasturnedcold.
3．分词：
Theteacherispleasedwithmywork.
4．不定式：
HisjobistoteachEnglish.
5．动名词：
Hishobbyisplayingfootball.
D.宾语一般位于Vt或介词之后可由以下表示：
1．名词：
Heisgoingtobuyadictionary.
2．代词：
Weshouldlearnfromhim.
3．不定式：
Hedecidednottoseeme.
4．动名词：
Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
分类：
分为直接宾语（动作的承受者，通常指物）和间接宾语（动作所向的人或物，通常指人）
Hesentmeapresent.=Hesentapresenttome.（me间宾/apresent直宾）
Heboughtheramap=Heboughtamapforher.
有些Vt如：
make/have/get/let/find/call/see/notice/hear/watch除了跟有一个宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语来说明宾语的状态才能使句子完整。
E.宾语补足语可由以下表示：
1．名词：
HisfathernamedhimDongming.
2．形容词：
Theypaintedtheirhousewhite.
3．不定式：
Youmustn’tgethimtolendyourmoney./
Wenoticehimentertheoffice.
4.分词：
Iheardhersingingthissong.
Ihad/gotmybicyclerepaird.
5.介词：
Wheneveryoumaygo,youwillfindhimatwork.
F.定语是修饰名词或代词的词或短语或从句
1．形容词：
abeautifulcity
2．分词：
adevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping/afallentree=atreewhichhasfallen
3．代词：
hisprogress
4．不定式：
Hehasalotofworktofinish.Shehasachairtositon
5．从句：
Thosewhowillgototheparkwillmeetatthegate.
G.状语是修饰动词/形容词/副词,说明动作或状态的句子成分，在初中所学的范围一般由副词或一些短语表现。
Theystudyhard.
Hewassosad.
HespeaksEnglishquitewell.
Hegotoschoolonfoot
四．简单句的五个基本类型
*句子分为简单句\并列句\复合句
简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。
BothTomandJackenjoymusic./Wesanganddancedyesterday.
分类：
1主语+系动词+表语Shefeltveryhappy.
2.主语+ViWinteriscoming.
3.主语+Vt+宾语Hebeganlearningmusic.
4.主语+Vt+双宾（间宾+直宾）Heteachesuschemistry.Shegavemeabook.
5.主语+Vt+宾语+宾补Hefoundthemandead./Helikestowatchtheboysplayingfootball.
五．并列句含有两个或更多的相互并列的主谓结构的句子，结构是：
分句+并列连词+分句
1.同等概念and/notonly…butalso/neither…nor…
Theboynotonlypassedtheexam,butalsogotthehighscores.
=Notonlydidtheboypasstheexam,butalsogotthehighscores.
（Notonly开头的倒装句，前倒后不倒）
2.选择or/otherwise（否则）
Hurryup,oryouwillmissthebus.Imustworkmuchharder,otherwiseIcan’tcatchupwiththeotherclassmates.
3.转折but/while（但,强调对比）/however（后面接逗号）…
Onecan’tseeair,however,itdoesexist.Someexperimentsaredifficultwhileothersareeasy.
4.因果so/for/therefore
Ihavetostayathome,foritisrainingheavilyoutside.
Itwasraining,thereforeweremainedathome.
5.条件祈使句+and+主语+willdo
Workharderandyouwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkharder,youwillsucceed.
OnemoretimeandIwilldoitbetter=IfIamgivenonemoretime,Iwilldoitbetter
Ex.1.Itisoftensaidthatthejoyoftravelingis_______inarrivingatyourdestination______inthejourneyitself.
A./;butB./;orC.not;orD.not;but
2.Ithoughtwe’dbelaterfortheconcert,______weendedupgettingthereaheadoftime.
A.butB.orC.soD.for
3.Helpotherswheneveryoucan______youwillmaketheworldanicerplacetolivein.
A.andB.soC.butD.or
4.I’dliketostudylawatuniversity_______mycousinprefersgeography.
A.thoughB.asC.whileD.for
5.Hefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread,______hiseyesightwasbeginningtofall.
A.andB.forC.butD.or
6.IgrewupinAfrica,______atleastIshouldsaythatIspentmuchofthefirsttenyearsofmylifethere.
A.andB.orC.soD.but
7.Realityisnotthewayyouwishthingstobe,northewaytheyappeartobe,______thewaytheyactuallyare.
A.asB.orC.butD.and
易混淆的it句型：
Itis/hasbeen时间段sincesb.didsth.某人自从以来，已有…
Itwill（not）be时间段beforesb.dosth.要过多久/不久…才…
Itwas时间段beforesb.didsth过了多久才…
Itwasnotlongbeforehesensedthedangerofthesituation.
Itwillbehalfayearbeforeyougraduatefromtheschool.
Itwillnotbelongbeforetheyunderstandeachother.
Itwas时间点whensb.didsth.当某人做时是…
Itwas时间状语thatsb.didsth.
Readthefollowingsentencesandtranslatethem.
Itis（hasbeen）4monthssincetheBeijingOlympicsopened.自从北京奥运会开幕以来已有4个月
Itwas3monthssincetheBeijingOlympicshadopened.
Itwillbe3monthsbeforetheBeijingOlympicsopen.要过3个月奥运会才开幕
Itwas3monthsbeforetheBeijingOlympicsopened.过了3个月奥运会才开幕
ItwasAugustwhenBeijingOlympicsopened.北京奥运会开幕式在8月
ItwasinAugustthatBeijingOlympicsopened.
定语从句
GuidetoGrammar
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句
SheisthegirlwhocanspeakEnglishverywell.
先行词关系词
A.关系词--关系代词（who,whom,whose, which，that,as）关系副词（when,where,why）
1Thewomanisateacher.Thewomanlivesnextdoor.
Thewomanwho/thatlivesnextdoorisateacher.
2.Kevinisreadingabook.Thebookistoodifficultforhim.
Kevinisreadingabookwhich/thatistoodifficultforhim.
3.Thebookisontheshelf.Youboughtthebooklastyear.
Thebook（which/that）youboughtlastyearisontheshelf.
4.Imethimonthestreet.Thatmanisyourbrother.
Thatman（whom/who/that）Imetonthestreetisyourbrother.
5.Itisaboutabigwhiteshark.Itattacksswimmers.
Itisaboutabigwhitesharkwhich/thatattacksswimmers.
Ex.填入who/whom/that/which并做成分分析
Theboys___who_______areplayingfootballarefromClassOne.（语）
Theman___whom________youmetjustnowismyteacher.（）
Planeisamachine___________canfly.（）
Thisisthepen_________heboughtyesterday.（）
6.Iknowthedoctor.Hisdaughterstudiesabroad.
=Iknowthedoctorwhosedaughterstudiesabroad.
7.Haveyouseenmybook?
Thebook’scoverisred.
=Haveyouseenmybookwhosecoverisred?
Ex.
Thestudent______fatherworksinthefactoryissittingthere.
Iliketherooms______windowsfacesouth.
Thisisthedesk______legswerebroken.
关系代词指人和物时都用________,表示先行词的所属关系,在定语从句中作定语,可理解为_________
8.Thisistheroom./LuXunoncelivedintheroom.
=Thisistheroom（that/which）Luxunoncelivedin.
=ThisistheroominwhichLuxunoncelived.
9.ThepersonisMr.Li./Youjusttalkedwithhim.
=ThispersonisMr.Li（that/who/whom）Youjusttalkedwith.
=ThispersonisMr.Liwithwhomyoujusttalked.
结论：
介词+which/whom,放在从句之前；若放在从句之后，关系代词可省略。
Ex.
Doyouknowtheperson.Ishookhandswiththatperson.
Therewasn’tasingleperson.Shecouldturntothepersonforhelp.
Thisisthebook.Iaskedforthebook.
*Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.（介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。
lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等）
关系代词小结：
1.that可指人，可指物,作主语或宾语（作宾语可省略,前面不能加介词。
）
2.which指物，作主语或宾语（作宾语可省略,若介词提前则不能省）
3.who指人,作主语或宾语（作宾语可省略,前面不能加介词。
）
4.whom指人,作主语或宾语（作宾语可省略,若介词提前则不能省）
10.只用that不用which的情况：
1
当先行词是不定代词，如all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
Ididn'twantthisrecorder.Iwanttheonethatwasborrowedyesterday.
2
先行词（指物的）被only,few,oneof,little,no,all,every,very等词修饰时
There'snodifficultythatwecan'tovercome.
I'vereadallthebooksthatcanbeborrowedhere.
ThisistheverymoviethatIwanttosee.
3
先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词的最高级修饰时
ThisisthefirstletterthatI'vewritteninEnglish.
SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatI'veeverknown.
4
当先行词既有人又有物时
Theytalkedaboutthepeopleandplacesthattheyhadvisited.
5
当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时
Whoisthemanthatiswaitingattheschoolgate?
Whichisthecarthatranoveradogyesterday?
Whatdidyouseethatmadeyousoangry?
Ex.
1.Theseareallthethings______Icangetforyou.
2.Theonlything_______Icandoistowait.
3.Icanstillrememberthefirsttoy________mymotherboughtforme.
4.Theyaretheverythings________makeusinterested.
5.Weshouldcaremoreaboutthepeopleandthethings________arearoundus.
注意划线部分的表达式
11.Theschoolatwhich/whereIstudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekm.away.
12.Thepartsoftowninwhich/wheretheyhadtoliveweredecidedbywhitepeople.
13.Thedayonwhich/whenNelsonMandelahelpedmewasoneofmyhappiest.
14.However,thiswasatimeduringwhich/whenonehadgottohaveapassbooktoliveinJohannesburg.
15.Doyouknowthereasonforwhich/whyhewaslate?
=Doyouknowthereason?
/Hewaslateforthereason.
关系副词when/where/why小结；
时间when=in/at/on/duringwhich地点where=at/in/onwhich原因why=forwhich
1.when在从句中作时间状语，先行词多为表时间的名词time,hour,morning,day,month等。
2.where在从句中作地点状语，先行词多为表地点的名词place,house,school,country等。
3.why在从句中作原因状语，只跟在reason后。
*关系代词和关系副词的选择使用。
取决于从句中的谓语动词。
若及物动词后面无宾语，就要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要用关系副词。
*当定语从句中缺主，宾，表，定语时，用关系代词；如定语从句中缺状语时，应用关系副词。
Ex.
when,where,whyorwhich?
1.Ialwaysrememberthedays____which/that__________wespenttogether.
2.Ialwaysrememberthedays_____when__________weplayedtogether,
3.Ialwaysrememberthedays________that/which_____arem
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