重点高中时态与语态.docx
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重点高中时态与语态
高中?
动词的时态和语态
一?
基本用法?
1一般现在时考点分析?
①表示客观事实或普通真理(不受时态限制)?
The?
geography?
teacher?
told?
us?
the?
earth?
moves?
around?
the?
sun.?
②表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:
see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong?
seem等。
如:
?
I?
know?
what?
you?
mean.?
Smith?
owns?
a?
car?
and?
a?
house.?
All?
the?
students?
here?
belong?
to?
No.1?
Middle?
School.?
③在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。
但要注意由if?
引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表―意愿‖,但不表示时态。
?
If?
you?
will?
accept?
my?
invitation?
and?
come?
to?
our?
party,?
my?
family?
will?
be?
pleased.?
如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。
?
④少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
当be表示根据时间或事先安排,肯定会出现的状态,只用一般现在时。
?
The?
shop?
closes?
at?
11:
00?
p.m.?
every?
day.?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Tomorrow?
is?
Wednesday.
2一般过去时的考点分析(考核重点)。
?
①一般过去时的基本用法:
表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。
如:
?
I?
met?
her?
in?
the?
street?
yesterday.?
?
?
?
They?
never?
drank?
wine.?
I?
thought?
the?
film?
would?
be?
interesting,?
but?
it?
isn’t.?
②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。
如:
?
He?
told?
me?
he?
read?
an?
interesting?
novel?
last?
night.?
?
③表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。
如:
but,?
and,?
when,?
as?
soon?
as,?
immediately,?
the?
moment,?
the?
minute。
?
The?
moment?
she?
came?
in,?
she?
told?
me?
what?
had?
happened?
to?
her.?
He?
bought?
a?
watch?
but?
lost?
it.?
3一般将来时考点分析。
?
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will?
/?
shall?
+?
动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next?
week等)。
?
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
?
?
We’ll?
die?
without?
air?
or?
water.?
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
?
④be?
going?
to与will?
/?
shall,?
be?
to?
do,?
be?
about?
to?
do用法及区别:
?
be?
going?
to?
表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;shall?
/?
will?
do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。
?
be?
going?
to?
表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。
如:
?
If?
it?
is?
fine,?
we’ll?
go?
fishing.(正确)?
?
?
?
If?
it?
is?
fine,?
we?
are?
going?
to?
go?
fishing.(错误)
be?
to?
do?
sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止,可能性等。
?
A?
meeting?
is?
to?
be?
held?
at?
3:
00?
o’clock?
this?
afternoon.?
be?
about?
to?
do?
sth.表示―即可,就要‖,后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
?
Autumn?
harvest?
is?
about?
to?
start.?
4现在进行时考点分析。
?
①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划;go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。
如:
?
It?
is?
raining?
now.?
?
?
?
We?
are?
leaving?
on?
Friday.?
?
He?
is?
teaching?
English?
and?
learning?
Chinese.?
The?
girl?
is?
always?
talking?
loud?
in?
public.(与always、often等频度副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)?
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作:
like,?
love,?
hate,?
care,?
remember,?
believe,?
want,?
mind,?
wish,?
agree,?
mean,?
need.
(B)表存在的状态的动词:
appear,?
exist,?
lie,?
remain,?
seem?
belong?
to,?
depend?
on。
(C)表示一时性动作的动词:
allow,?
accept,?
permit,?
promise,?
admit,?
complete。
(D)表示感官的动词:
see,?
hear,?
notice,?
feel,?
smell,?
sound,?
taste,?
look。
?
5.过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。
?
①常用过去完成时的几种情况:
?
(A)在by、by?
the?
end、by?
the?
time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
如:
By?
the?
end?
of?
last?
year,?
we?
had?
produced?
20,000?
cars.?
The?
train?
had?
left?
before?
we?
reached?
the?
station.?
?
(B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。
常用had?
hoped?
/?
planned?
/?
meant?
/?
intended/?
though?
/?
wanted?
/?
expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即:
hoped?
/?
planned?
…+?
to?
have?
done。
?
(C)―时间名词?
+?
before‖在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;―时间名词?
+?
ago‖在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去式。
如:
He?
said?
his?
first?
teacher?
had?
died?
at?
least?
10?
years?
before.?
Xiao?
Hua?
left?
school?
3?
years?
ago.?
(D)表示―一……就‖的几个句型:
?
Hardly?
/?
No?
sooner?
/?
Scarcely?
had?
+?
主语?
+?
过去分词?
+?
when?
/?
than?
/?
before?
+?
一般过去时。
如:
We?
had?
no?
sooner?
been?
seated?
than?
the?
bus?
started.?
=?
No?
sooner?
had?
we?
been?
seated?
than?
the?
bus?
started.?
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
?
After?
he?
(had)left?
the?
room,?
the?
boss?
came?
in.?
We?
arrived?
home?
before?
it?
snowed.?
6.过去将来时考点分析。
?
参照一般将来时对比:
用would?
do、was?
/?
were?
going?
to?
do?
sth.表过去将来;come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时;was?
/?
were?
to?
do?
sth.和was?
/?
were?
about?
to?
do?
sth.表过去将来。
?
7.过去进行时考点分析。
?
①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
?
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
?
8现在完成时考点分析。
?
①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外,还可以和下面的介词短语连用:
during?
/?
in?
/over?
the?
last(past)few?
years?
(months,?
weeks)、in?
recent?
years、up?
to?
now、till?
now等。
?
②下列句型中常用现在完成时?
It?
is?
(has?
been)?
+?
一段时间?
+?
since从句
This(That?
/?
It)is?
the?
first(second…)time?
that?
+?
现在完成时?
③在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
如:
?
Don’t?
get?
off?
the?
bus?
until?
it?
has?
stopped.?
二?
注意几组时态的区别:
?
1.一般过去时与现在完成时:
时间上有差异:
凡有过去时间的均用过去时态,不能用完成时态,如含有ago、last?
year、just?
now、the?
other?
day等。
?
结果上有差异:
现在完成时强调的是对―现在‖的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在―过去‖,和现在毫无关系。
?
2.过去完成时与一般过去时:
过去完成时强调的是―过去的过去‖;如出现同一主语连续几个动作(―连谓‖)形式则只用一般过去时即可。
?
3.一般现在时和现在进行时?
一般现在时表示习惯性得行为或状态或客观性东西;而现在进行时表示短暂时间内的状态。
?
He?
works?
in?
the?
office?
but?
he?
is?
working?
in?
the?
workshop?
this?
week.?
他在办公室工作,但这一周他下车间了。
?
4.?
现在完成时和现在完成进行时?
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。
?
现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。
?
I?
have?
been?
writing?
an?
article?
.(仍在写)?
?
?
?
?
?
I?
have?
wtitten?
an?
article?
.(已经完成)?
三?
与动词时态连用的句式?
1)This/It?
is?
the?
first?
/second?
…time?
that?
2)be?
doing?
…when?
…?
be?
about?
to?
do?
…when?
/be?
on?
the?
point?
of?
doing?
…when
had?
just?
done?
…when?
…?
3)?
Hardly?
had?
…done?
…when?
…/?
?
?
?
?
No?
sooner?
had?
…done?
…than?
…?
4)It?
is?
(has?
been)?
+?
一段时间?
+?
since从句?
5)It?
be?
+一段时间+before?
从句这种句式分为两种情况如果主句用将来时,则从句用一般现在时表将来时,意为―多长时间以后即将发生某事‖;如果主句用过去时,从句也用过去时,意为―多长时间后发生了某事‖。
?
It?
won’t?
be?
long?
before?
he?
succeeds.=?
He?
will?
succeed?
soon.?
It?
was?
ten?
years?
before?
they?
met?
again.=They?
met?
again?
ten?
years?
later.?
被动语态考查要点简述?
被动语态的构成方式:
be?
+过去分词,口语也有用get?
/?
become?
+?
过去分词表示。
被动语态的基本用法:
不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。
强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
?
1使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
?
①主动变被动时双宾语的变化。
看下列例句。
?
My?
friend?
gave?
me?
an?
interesting?
book?
on?
my?
birthday.?
An?
interesting?
book?
was?
given?
to?
me(by?
my?
friend)on?
my?
birthday.?
I?
was?
given?
an?
interesting?
book?
(by?
my?
friend)on?
my?
birthday.?
②主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。
?
The?
boss?
made?
him?
work?
all?
day?
long.?
?
?
He?
was?
made?
to?
work?
all?
day?
long(by?
the?
boss)?
③短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉―尾巴‖。
?
The?
children?
were?
taken?
good?
care?
of?
(by?
her).?
Your?
pronunciation?
and?
spelling?
should?
be?
paid?
attention?
to.?
④情态动词和be?
going?
to、be?
to、be?
sure?
to、used?
to、have?
to、had?
better等结构变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be?
+过去分词。
?
⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:
(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。
(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。
如:
?
People?
say?
he?
is?
a?
smart?
boy.\It?
is?
said?
that?
he?
is?
a?
smart?
boy.\He?
is?
said?
to?
be?
a?
smart?
boy.?
People?
know?
paper?
was?
made?
in?
China?
first.?
It?
is?
known?
that?
paper?
was?
made?
in?
China?
first.?
Paper?
was?
known?
to?
be?
made?
in?
China?
first.?
类似句型有:
It?
is?
said?
/?
known?
/?
suggested?
/?
believed?
/?
hoped/?
thought?
that?
…?
(2)不能用被动语态的几种情况。
?
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
?
②表示状态的谓语动词,如:
last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look?
like、consist?
to等。
?
③表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong?
to等。
?
④表示―希望、意图‖的动词,如:
wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
?
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。
?
⑥宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
?
⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
?
(3)主动形式表被动意义。
?
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write,open,clean,cook,keep,cut,fill,blow,measure,lock,run,record,begin,shut等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示―开始、结束、关、停、转、启动‖等意义时。
?
This?
kind?
of?
cloth?
washes?
easily.这种布易洗。
?
These?
novels?
won’t?
sell?
well.这些小说不畅销。
?
My?
pen?
writes?
smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
?
The?
door?
won’t?
lock.门锁不上。
?
The?
fish?
smells?
good.鱼闻起来香。
?
②当break?
out、take?
place、shut?
off、turn?
off、work?
out等动词表示―发生、关闭、制定‖等意思时。
?
The?
plan?
worked?
out?
successfully.?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
The?
lamps?
on?
the?
wall?
turn?
off.?
③want,?
require,?
need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
?
④be?
worth?
doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
?
⑤在―be?
+?
形容词(easy,?
difficult,?
light,?
heavy,?
fit,?
good,?
safe,?
comfortable,?
dangerous,?
pleasant)?
+?
to?
do‖中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。
?
This?
kind?
of?
water?
isn’t?
fit?
to?
drink.?
?
?
?
?
?
The?
girl?
isn’t?
easy?
to?
get?
along?
with.?
另外:
be?
to?
blame(受谴责),be?
to?
rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
?
(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
?
?
①be?
seated坐着?
?
?
?
He?
is?
seated?
on?
a?
bench.(He?
seats?
himself?
on?
a?
bench.)坐在凳子上。
?
②be?
hidden躲藏?
?
He?
was?
hidden?
behind?
the?
door.(He?
hid?
himself?
behind?
the?
door.)他藏在门后。
?
③be?
lost迷路?
?
?
?
④be?
drunk喝醉?
?
?
?
⑤be?
dressed穿着?
The?
girl?
was?
dressed?
in?
a?
red?
short?
skirt.?
(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别?
被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。
如:
?
The?
book?
was?
sold?
by?
a?
certain?
bookstore.(被动语态)
The?
book?
is?
well?
sold.(系表结构)?
(6)?
get+过去分词也可构成被动语态。
?
get常同marry,?
beat,?
break,?
damage,?
tear,?
strike,?
hurt,?
paint,?
invite,?
repair,?
dress?
等动词的过去分词连用,构成被动语态。
?
巩固练习:
?
1.On?
the?
next?
birthday,?
?
Ann?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
married?
for?
twenty?
years.?
A?
.is?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B?
.has?
been?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
C.?
will?
be?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
will?
have?
been?
2.In?
the?
last?
few?
years?
thousands?
of?
films?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
all?
over?
the?
word.?
A.?
have?
produced?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
have?
been?
produced?
C.?
are?
producing?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
are?
being?
produced?
3.We?
_____John’s?
name?
on?
the?
race?
list?
yesterday?
but?
for?
his?
recent?
injury.?
A.?
will?
put?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
will?
have?
put?
?
?
?
?
?
C.?
would?
put?
?
?
?
?
D.?
would?
have?
put?
4.—That?
must?
have?
been?
a?
long?
trip.?
—Yeah,?
it?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
us?
a?
whole?
week?
to?
get?
there.?
?
?
?
A.?
takes?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
has?
taken?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
C.?
took?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
was?
taking?
5.(2011·北京卷).Experiments?
of?
this?
kind?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
in?
both?
the?
U.S.?
and?
Europe?
well?
before
the?
Second?
World?
War.?
A.?
have?
conducted?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
have?
been?
conducted?
C.?
had?
conducted?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
had?
been?
conducted?
6.(2011·天津卷)I?
______?
sooner?
but?
I?
didn’t?
know?
that?
they?
were?
waiting?
for?
me.?
?
?
?
A.?
had?
come?
?
?
?
?
B.?
was?
coming?
?
?
?
?
?
C.?
would?
come?
?
?
?
D.?
would?
have?
come
?
7.(2011·北京卷)—Bob?
has?
gone?
to?
California.?
—Oh,?
can?
you?
tell?
me?
when?
he?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
A.?
has?
left?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
left?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
C.?
is?
leaving?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
would?
leave?
8.(2011·四川卷)All?
visitors?
to?
this?
village?
_________?
with?
kindness.?
?
?
A.?
treat?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
are?
treated?
?
?
?
?
?
C.?
are?
treating?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
had?
been?
treated?
?
?
?
?
9.(2011·北京卷)Tom?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
in?
the?
library?
every?
night?
over?
the?
last?
three?
months.?
A.?
works?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
worked?
?
?
?
?
?
C.?
has?
been?
working?
?
?
?
D.?
had?
been?
working?
10.(2011·四川卷).—What?
a?
mistake!
?
—Yes.?
I?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
his?
doing?
it?
another?
way?
?
but?
without?
success.?
A.?
was?
suggesting?
?
?
?
B.?
will?
suggest?
?
?
C.?
would?
suggest?
?
?
?
D.?
had?
suggested?
11.(2011·全国II)If?
you?
don't?
like?
the?
drink?
you?
______just?
leave?
it?
and?
try?
a?
different?
one.?
?
?
?
?
A.?
ordered?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
are?
ordering?
?
?
?
C.?
will?
order?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
had?
ordered?
12.(2011·陕西卷)His?
first?
novel?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
good?
reviews?
since?
it?
came?
out?
last?
month.?
A.?
receives?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
B.?
is?
receiving?
?
?
?
C?
.will?
receive?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.?
has?
received
13.(2011·北京卷)Maybe?
if?
I?
?
science,?
and?
not?
literature?
then,?
I?
would?
be?
able?
to?
give?
you?
more?
help.?
A.?
studied?
?
?
?
?
?