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第一单元语法
4GrammarandUsage
Introductiontoattributiveclauses
Thegrammariteminthisunitdealswithattributiveclauses.Studentsarefirstexpectedtolearnaboutwhatanattributiveclauseisandthefunctionsofrelativepronounsandrelativeadverbsusedtointroduceattributiveclauses.Thentheywilllearnthedifferentusagesofrelativepronouns.
Step.1Introductiontoattributiveclauses
Herestudentswilllearnthatanattributiveclauseisusedtomodifyanounandisusuallyputafterthenoun.Theywillalsolearnthedifferentfunctionsofrelativepronounsorrelativeadverbsusedinattributiveclauses.
1.ShowthestudentssomepicturesaboutHarryPotter.Thenask:
1)WhatkindofboydoyouthinkHarryPotteris?
(brave,happy…)
2)Canyoudescribehisappearance?
(wearingglasses…)
HarryPotterisabraveboy.
aboywithglasses
aboywhoisbraveandwearingglasses.
Letstudentsknowthatnounscanbemodifiedbyadjectives,prepositionalphrasesorattributiveclauses.Askthemtopayspecialattentiontothedifferentpositionsoftheadjective,theprepositionalphraseortheattributiveclause,sothattheywillknowthatadjectivesareusuallyusedbeforenouns,whileprepositionalphrasesandattributiveclausesafternouns.
2.Askthestudentstoimagine.SupposeHarryPottermeetsYangLiweiinspace,whatwilltheysaytoeachother?
?
HarryPotterYangLiwei
Whoareyou?
Iamanastronaut
Anastronautisaperson
Heworksandtravelsinspace.
Anastronautisapersonwhoworksandtravelsinspace.
Howdidyoucomehere?
Iwassentintotheskybyaspacecraft.
Spacecraftisavehicle(运载工具)
Itcantravelinspace.
Spacecraftisavehiclewhich/thatcantravelinspace.
。
。
。
。
。
。
Tellstudentsthatattributiveclausesareusuallyintroducedbyrelativepronounsorrelativeadverbs,andthatthenounsarecalledantecedent.
3.AskstudentstoreadtheexamplesentencesinPoint2andaskthemwhatfunctionoftheboldpartineachsentenceis.ThenaskthemtopointouttheattributiveclauseineachsentenceandtranslatethewholesentenceintoChinese,sothattheycancomparethedifferentwaysinwhichtheattributiveclauseisexpressedinEnglishandinChinese.
4.Askstudentstoreadthearticleonpage9.Makesuretheycanidentifytheattributiveclauses.Askthemtopointouttheantecedent,therelativepronounortherelativeadverbanditsfunctionineachsentencewithanattributiveclause.TheycanalsotranslatethesentencesintoChinesesoastocomparethedifferences.
Answers
Paragraph1:
Davidwasoneoftheposthelpfulstudentsthatweeverhad.(Theantecedent:
themosthelpfulstudents;therelativepronoun:
that,usedastheobjectintheclause)
In1998,hewenttoOxfordUniversitywherehegotinterestedinChineseculture.(Theantecedent:
OxfordUniversity;therelativeadverb:
where,usedastheadverbialintheclause)
Paragraph2:
SomeofthecitiesinChinawhichhelikesmostareBeijing,Shanghai,HarbinandNanjing.(Theantecedent:
someofthecities;therelativepronoun:
which,usedastheobjectintheclause)
Mostofthestudentsthathetaughthavebecomehisfriends.(Theantecedent:
mostofthestudents;therelativepronounthat,usedastheobjectintheclause)
Paragraph3:
SomeofthebooksweregiftsthathegotfromhisChinesefriendsandstudents’
(Theantecedentgift,therelativepronounthatusedastheobjectintheclouse)
ThepaintingsthatDaviddonatedtotheschoolarebeingdisplayedintheassemblyhall.(Theantecedent:
thepaintings;therelativepronoun:
that,usedastheobjectintheclause)
5.AskstudentstodoPartC1onpage80inWorkbook,whichwillhelpthemidentifyattributiveclauses.
Answer
PartC1(page80)245679
Step2Relativepronouns:
that,which,who,whomandwhose
1.Herestudentswilllearninwhatcircumstancesthat,which,who,whomorwhoseisused.Andtheywillalsoknowwhenwho,whom,whichorthatcanbeleftout.
2.Practicetheuseoftherelativepronounswho,whom,whose,that,whichwiththehelpofsomepictures.
3.Askstudentstocompletetheconversationonpage11individually.Thenhavethemreaditingroupsofthreetochecktheiranswers.
Answers
(1)that/which
(2)whose(3)who/that(4)who/whom/that
(5)that/which(6)that/which(7)who/that(8)that/which(9)who/that
4.Tellthestudentsthespecialuseof“that”intheattributiveclauses.
5.Practice:
Guessinggamesabouttheattributiveclauses.
Step3.Homework:
HavestudentsdoPartC2onpage80inWorkbook,sotheycangetmorepracticeinhowtoformanattributiveclauseinasentence.
Answers
PartC2(page80)
1Thisistheschoolwhere/inwhichIstudiedfiveyearsago.
2Inthisschoolthereareabout30foreignstudentswho/thathavecometostudythe
Chineselanguage.
3ThesestudentswhoseparentshavecometoChinaforbusinessliketheschoolvery
much.
4Theteachingbuildingthat/whichwasputuplastyearlooksnice.
5Themanwhoisstandinginfrontoftheschoollibraryistheheadmaster.
6NexttohimstandsagirlwhosenameisTina.
7Tinaisatopstudent(who/whom)theschoolgaveamedaltoforwinningthewriting
competition.
8Tinalikesreadingthenovelswhich/thatarewrittenbyCharlesDickens.
9Tinaisthehostoftheschool'sradioclubthat/whichstartedwas2yearsago.
10Studentsliketheschoolnews(that/which)theradioclubbroadcasts.
参考:
定语从句讲析(Theattributiveclause)
一、关键词
1.定语从句:
在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:
定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:
关系词用来引导定语从句。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。
关系代词有,that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why,how等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用:
1)引导定语从句;2)代替先行词;3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如:
Thecarwhichmyunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.句中,whichmyunclehadiustbought是定语从句,修饰先行词thecar;which是引导定语句的关系词,代替先行词thecar,在定语从句中作主语。
二、关系代词引导定语从句的用法
1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。
Thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.
丧失家园的人数多达250,000。
In1519anothertravelerwhowenttoAmericafromEuropediscoveredtomatoes.
1519年从欧洲去美洲的另一名旅行者发现了西红柿。
ThecompetitorwhowonthemostgoldmedalswasDavidBeckham
赢得最多奖牌的运动员是大卫·贝克翰姆。
2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。
Theboy(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesistheirmonitor.
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。
ThepersonwhomyoushouldaskisMr.Ball.你应该问的人是的尔先生。
TheathletewhomIlikedmostwasCarlLewis.我最喜欢的运动员是卡尔·刘易斯。
注意:
关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。
Theboy(who/whom/that/一)wesawyesterdaywasJohn'sbrother.
昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略。
FruittreeswhichoncegrewonlyinChinacanbefoundinmanypartsoftheworld.
曾经只在中国种植的果树在世界许多地方都可以见到。
Thegoldmedalwhichshewonhasbeengiventoheroldschool.
她曾获得的金牌已经送给她的母校了。
4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
ThewomanthatIreadaboutinthenewspaperhasjustwonagoldmedal.
我在报上读到的那位妇女刚刚夺得一枚金牌。
Cornisaveryusefulplantthatcanbepreparedinmanydifferentways.
玉米是一种能够用多种方法制作食品的有用作物。
ThereportthatMr.Turnerhandedinwasaboutthemotorrace.
特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。
5.whose通常指人,有时也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
Iknowthepersonwhosecompanyproducescomputers.我认识那个人,他的公司生产计算机。
Thisisthepersonwhosestorysurprisedeverybody.这个人的故事使大家吃惊。
Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen我曾经住在那个房顶倒塌的房子里。
注意:
whose指物时,常用。
ofwhich结构来代替:
Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?
你知道林肯出生的日期吗?
Thetimewhenmyfatherworkedwasahardtime.我父亲工作的那个时候是一段艰难岁月。
ThereweretimeswhenIdidn'tknowwhattodo.有些时候我不知道该怎么办才好。
2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.这是我出生的城市。
Hehelpedhisfatheronthesmallfarmwheretheylived.他在他们居住的小农场帮助他的父亲。
Thefarmwherewepickedcottonwasninekilometersaway
我们摘过棉花的那个农场有9公里远。
3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
Thesearethereasonswhywedoit.这些就是我们做这事的理由。
Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意:
关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
如:
I’llneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIjoinedthearmy.我永远不会忘记我参军的那一天。
Kentuckyisthestatewhere/inwhichLincolnwasborn.肯塔基州是林肯的出生地。
Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.
他拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“,”与主句隔开,是先行词不可缺少的定语,如去
掉主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
翻译时译成先行词的定语“……的”。
Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。
Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。
2.非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“,”与主句隔开,是对先行词意义的补充说明,如大,主句仍能表达完整的意思,通常译成主句的并列句。
Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.
她哥哥是当兵的,他总是鼓励她上大学
Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.
所有的书都带插图,这些书都得很好。
3.在关系词的使用上,1)限制性定语从句作宾语时可以省略,在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
2)限制性定语从句中可用that,而非限制性定语从句中则不用that。
3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom,而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。
如:
我昨天买的那本书是《哈里·波特与凤凰令》。
Thebook(that/which)IboughtyesterdayisHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.
Thebook,whichlboughtyesterday,isHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.
Theengineer(who/whom/that)Imetintheofficeworkedveryhard.
Theengineer,whom1metintheoffice,workedveryhard.
Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.
五、特别提示
1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。
如:
ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyCharlesDickens.
HeistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswhohaslearnedFrench.
注意:
which和as引导非限制性定语从句时,有时并没有特定的先行词,而是代表前面说的整个情况。
这时which和as被看作单数,译作“这一点”,其后的谓语动形式应用单数形。
如:
HesaidhewasaFrenchman,which/aswasnottrue.
但须注意,as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前,which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。
如:
Asisknowntoall,Chinaisasocialistcountry.
Chinaisasocialistcountry,whichis