第一单元语法.docx

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第一单元语法

4GrammarandUsage

Introductiontoattributiveclauses

Thegrammariteminthisunitdealswithattributiveclauses.Studentsarefirstexpectedtolearnaboutwhatanattributiveclauseisandthefunctionsofrelativepronounsandrelativeadverbsusedtointroduceattributiveclauses.Thentheywilllearnthedifferentusagesofrelativepronouns.

Step.1Introductiontoattributiveclauses

Herestudentswilllearnthatanattributiveclauseisusedtomodifyanounandisusuallyputafterthenoun.Theywillalsolearnthedifferentfunctionsofrelativepronounsorrelativeadverbsusedinattributiveclauses.

1.ShowthestudentssomepicturesaboutHarryPotter.Thenask:

1)WhatkindofboydoyouthinkHarryPotteris?

(brave,happy…)

2)Canyoudescribehisappearance?

(wearingglasses…)

HarryPotterisabraveboy.

aboywithglasses

aboywhoisbraveandwearingglasses.

Letstudentsknowthatnounscanbemodifiedbyadjectives,prepositionalphrasesorattributiveclauses.Askthemtopayspecialattentiontothedifferentpositionsoftheadjective,theprepositionalphraseortheattributiveclause,sothattheywillknowthatadjectivesareusuallyusedbeforenouns,whileprepositionalphrasesandattributiveclausesafternouns.

2.Askthestudentstoimagine.SupposeHarryPottermeetsYangLiweiinspace,whatwilltheysaytoeachother?

?

HarryPotterYangLiwei

Whoareyou?

Iamanastronaut

Anastronautisaperson

Heworksandtravelsinspace.

Anastronautisapersonwhoworksandtravelsinspace.

Howdidyoucomehere?

Iwassentintotheskybyaspacecraft.

Spacecraftisavehicle(运载工具)

Itcantravelinspace.

Spacecraftisavehiclewhich/thatcantravelinspace.

Tellstudentsthatattributiveclausesareusuallyintroducedbyrelativepronounsorrelativeadverbs,andthatthenounsarecalledantecedent.

3.AskstudentstoreadtheexamplesentencesinPoint2andaskthemwhatfunctionoftheboldpartineachsentenceis.ThenaskthemtopointouttheattributiveclauseineachsentenceandtranslatethewholesentenceintoChinese,sothattheycancomparethedifferentwaysinwhichtheattributiveclauseisexpressedinEnglishandinChinese.

4.Askstudentstoreadthearticleonpage9.Makesuretheycanidentifytheattributiveclauses.Askthemtopointouttheantecedent,therelativepronounortherelativeadverbanditsfunctionineachsentencewithanattributiveclause.TheycanalsotranslatethesentencesintoChinesesoastocomparethedifferences.

Answers

Paragraph1:

Davidwasoneoftheposthelpfulstudentsthatweeverhad.(Theantecedent:

themosthelpfulstudents;therelativepronoun:

that,usedastheobjectintheclause)

In1998,hewenttoOxfordUniversitywherehegotinterestedinChineseculture.(Theantecedent:

OxfordUniversity;therelativeadverb:

where,usedastheadverbialintheclause)

Paragraph2:

SomeofthecitiesinChinawhichhelikesmostareBeijing,Shanghai,HarbinandNanjing.(Theantecedent:

someofthecities;therelativepronoun:

which,usedastheobjectintheclause)

Mostofthestudentsthathetaughthavebecomehisfriends.(Theantecedent:

mostofthestudents;therelativepronounthat,usedastheobjectintheclause)

Paragraph3:

SomeofthebooksweregiftsthathegotfromhisChinesefriendsandstudents’

(Theantecedentgift,therelativepronounthatusedastheobjectintheclouse)

ThepaintingsthatDaviddonatedtotheschoolarebeingdisplayedintheassemblyhall.(Theantecedent:

thepaintings;therelativepronoun:

that,usedastheobjectintheclause)

5.AskstudentstodoPartC1onpage80inWorkbook,whichwillhelpthemidentifyattributiveclauses.

Answer

PartC1(page80)245679

Step2Relativepronouns:

that,which,who,whomandwhose

1.Herestudentswilllearninwhatcircumstancesthat,which,who,whomorwhoseisused.Andtheywillalsoknowwhenwho,whom,whichorthatcanbeleftout.

2.Practicetheuseoftherelativepronounswho,whom,whose,that,whichwiththehelpofsomepictures.

3.Askstudentstocompletetheconversationonpage11individually.Thenhavethemreaditingroupsofthreetochecktheiranswers.

Answers

(1)that/which

(2)whose(3)who/that(4)who/whom/that

(5)that/which(6)that/which(7)who/that(8)that/which(9)who/that

4.Tellthestudentsthespecialuseof“that”intheattributiveclauses.

5.Practice:

Guessinggamesabouttheattributiveclauses.

Step3.Homework:

HavestudentsdoPartC2onpage80inWorkbook,sotheycangetmorepracticeinhowtoformanattributiveclauseinasentence.

Answers

PartC2(page80)

1Thisistheschoolwhere/inwhichIstudiedfiveyearsago.

2Inthisschoolthereareabout30foreignstudentswho/thathavecometostudythe

Chineselanguage.

3ThesestudentswhoseparentshavecometoChinaforbusinessliketheschoolvery

much.

4Theteachingbuildingthat/whichwasputuplastyearlooksnice.

5Themanwhoisstandinginfrontoftheschoollibraryistheheadmaster.

6NexttohimstandsagirlwhosenameisTina.

7Tinaisatopstudent(who/whom)theschoolgaveamedaltoforwinningthewriting

competition.

8Tinalikesreadingthenovelswhich/thatarewrittenbyCharlesDickens.

9Tinaisthehostoftheschool'sradioclubthat/whichstartedwas2yearsago.

10Studentsliketheschoolnews(that/which)theradioclubbroadcasts.

参考:

定语从句讲析(Theattributiveclause)

一、关键词

1.定语从句:

在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。

2.先行词:

定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。

3.关系词:

关系词用来引导定语从句。

关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。

关系代词有,that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why,how等。

关系词通常有下列三个作用:

1)引导定语从句;2)代替先行词;3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。

例如:

Thecarwhichmyunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.句中,whichmyunclehadiustbought是定语从句,修饰先行词thecar;which是引导定语句的关系词,代替先行词thecar,在定语从句中作主语。

二、关系代词引导定语从句的用法

1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。

Thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.

丧失家园的人数多达250,000。

In1519anothertravelerwhowenttoAmericafromEuropediscoveredtomatoes.

1519年从欧洲去美洲的另一名旅行者发现了西红柿。

ThecompetitorwhowonthemostgoldmedalswasDavidBeckham

赢得最多奖牌的运动员是大卫·贝克翰姆。

2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。

Theboy(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesistheirmonitor.

老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。

ThepersonwhomyoushouldaskisMr.Ball.你应该问的人是的尔先生。

TheathletewhomIlikedmostwasCarlLewis.我最喜欢的运动员是卡尔·刘易斯。

注意:

关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。

Theboy(who/whom/that/一)wesawyesterdaywasJohn'sbrother.

昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。

3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略。

FruittreeswhichoncegrewonlyinChinacanbefoundinmanypartsoftheworld.

曾经只在中国种植的果树在世界许多地方都可以见到。

Thegoldmedalwhichshewonhasbeengiventoheroldschool.

她曾获得的金牌已经送给她的母校了。

4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。

在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。

ThewomanthatIreadaboutinthenewspaperhasjustwonagoldmedal.

我在报上读到的那位妇女刚刚夺得一枚金牌。

Cornisaveryusefulplantthatcanbepreparedinmanydifferentways.

玉米是一种能够用多种方法制作食品的有用作物。

ThereportthatMr.Turnerhandedinwasaboutthemotorrace.

特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。

5.whose通常指人,有时也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。

Iknowthepersonwhosecompanyproducescomputers.我认识那个人,他的公司生产计算机。

Thisisthepersonwhosestorysurprisedeverybody.这个人的故事使大家吃惊。

Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen我曾经住在那个房顶倒塌的房子里。

注意:

whose指物时,常用。

ofwhich结构来代替:

Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired

三、关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?

你知道林肯出生的日期吗?

Thetimewhenmyfatherworkedwasahardtime.我父亲工作的那个时候是一段艰难岁月。

ThereweretimeswhenIdidn'tknowwhattodo.有些时候我不知道该怎么办才好。

2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.这是我出生的城市。

Hehelpedhisfatheronthesmallfarmwheretheylived.他在他们居住的小农场帮助他的父亲。

Thefarmwherewepickedcottonwasninekilometersaway

我们摘过棉花的那个农场有9公里远。

3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。

Thesearethereasonswhywedoit.这些就是我们做这事的理由。

Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。

注意:

关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。

如:

I’llneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIjoinedthearmy.我永远不会忘记我参军的那一天。

Kentuckyisthestatewhere/inwhichLincolnwasborn.肯塔基州是林肯的出生地。

Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.

他拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。

四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“,”与主句隔开,是先行词不可缺少的定语,如去

掉主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。

翻译时译成先行词的定语“……的”。

Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.

她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。

Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。

2.非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“,”与主句隔开,是对先行词意义的补充说明,如大,主句仍能表达完整的意思,通常译成主句的并列句。

Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.

她哥哥是当兵的,他总是鼓励她上大学

Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.

所有的书都带插图,这些书都得很好。

3.在关系词的使用上,1)限制性定语从句作宾语时可以省略,在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。

2)限制性定语从句中可用that,而非限制性定语从句中则不用that。

3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom,而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。

如:

我昨天买的那本书是《哈里·波特与凤凰令》。

Thebook(that/which)IboughtyesterdayisHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.

Thebook,whichlboughtyesterday,isHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.

Theengineer(who/whom/that)Imetintheofficeworkedveryhard.

Theengineer,whom1metintheoffice,workedveryhard.

Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.

五、特别提示

1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。

如:

ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyCharlesDickens.

HeistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswhohaslearnedFrench.

注意:

which和as引导非限制性定语从句时,有时并没有特定的先行词,而是代表前面说的整个情况。

这时which和as被看作单数,译作“这一点”,其后的谓语动形式应用单数形。

如:

HesaidhewasaFrenchman,which/aswasnottrue.

但须注意,as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前,which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。

如:

Asisknowntoall,Chinaisasocialistcountry.

Chinaisasocialistcountry,whichis

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