第一单元语法.docx

1、第一单元语法4 Grammar and UsageIntroduction to attributive clausesThe grammar item in this unit deals with attributive clauses. Students are first expected to learn about what an attributive clause is and the functions of relative pronouns and relative adverbs used to introduce attributive clauses. Then t

2、hey will learn the different usages of relative pronouns.Step.1 Introduction to attributive clauses Here students will learn that an attributive clause is used to modify a noun and is usually put after the noun. They will also learn the different functions of relative pronouns or relative adverbs us

3、ed in attributive clauses.1. Show the students some pictures about Harry Potter. Then ask: 1) What kind of boy do you think Harry Potter is?(brave, happy)2) Can you describe his appearance?(wearing glasses)Harry Potter is a brave boy. a boy with glasses a boy who is brave and wearing glasses.Let stu

4、dents know that nouns can be modified by adjectives, prepositional phrases or attributive clauses. Ask them to pay special attention to the different positions of the adjective, the prepositional phrase or the attributive clause, so that they will know that adjectives are usually used before nouns,

5、while prepositional phrases and attributive clauses after nouns. 2. Ask the students to imagine. Suppose Harry Potter meets Yang Liwei in space, what will they say to each other? Harry Potter Yang LiweiWho are you? I am an astronaut An astronaut is a personHe works and travels in space.An astronaut

6、is a person who works and travels in space.How did you come here? I was sent into the sky by a space craft.Space craft is a vehicle（运载工具） It can travel in space.Space craft is a vehicle which / that can travel in space.。Tell students that attributive clauses are usually introduced by relative pronou

7、ns or relative adverbs, and that the nouns are called antecedent.3. Ask students to read the example sentences in Point 2 and ask them what function of the bold part in each sentence is. Then ask them to point out the attributive clause in each sentence and translate the whole sentence into Chinese,

8、 so that they can compare the different ways in which the attributive clause is expressed in English and in Chinese.4.Ask students to read the article on page 9. Make sure they can identify the attributive clauses. Ask them to point out the antecedent, the relative pronoun or the relative adverb and

9、 its function in each sentence with an attributive clause. They can also translate the sentences into Chinese so as to compare the differences. AnswersParagraph 1： David was one of the post helpful students that we ever had.(The antecedent: the most helpful students; the relative pronoun: that, used

10、 as the object in the clause) In 1998, he went to Oxford University where he got interested in Chinese culture. (The antecedent: Oxford University; the relative adverb: where, used as the adverbial in the clause)Paragraph 2: Some of the cities in China which he likes most are Beijing, Shanghai, Harb

11、in and Nanjing. (The antecedent: some of the cities; the relative pronoun: which, used as the object in the clause) Most of the students that he taught have become his friends. (The antecedent: most of the students; the relative pronoun that, used as the object in the clause)Paragraph 3： Some of the

12、 books were gifts that he got from his Chinese friends and students(The antecedent gift, the relative pronoun that used as the object in the clouse)The paintings that David donated to the school are being displayed in the assembly hall. (The antecedent: the paintings; the relative pronoun: that, use

13、d as the object in the clause)5. Ask students to do Part C1 on page 80 in Workbook, which will help them identify attributive clauses. AnswerPart C1 (page 80) 2 4 5 6 7 9Step 2 Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom and whose1. Here students will learn in what circumstances that, which, who, whom

14、 or whose is used. And they will also know when who, whom, which or that can be left out.2. Practice the use of the relative pronouns who, whom, whose, that, which with the help of some pictures.3. Ask students to complete the conversation on page 11 individually. Then have them read it in groups of

15、 three to check their answers.Answers(1) that/ which (2) whose (3)who/ that (4) who/ whom/ that(5) that/ which (6) that/ which (7) who/ that (8) that/ which (9) who/ that4.Tell the students the special use of “that” in the attributive clauses.5. Practice: Guessing games about the attributive clauses

16、.Step 3. Homework: Have students do Part C2 on page 80 in Workbook, so they can get more practice in how to form an attributive clause in a sentence.AnswersPart C2 (page 80) 1 This is the school where/in which I studied five years ago. 2 In this school there are about 30 foreign students who/that ha

17、ve come to study the Chinese language. 3 These students whose parents have come to China for business like the school very much. 4 The teaching building that/which was put up last year looks nice. 5 The man who is standing in front of the school library is the headmaster. 6 Next to him stands a girl

18、 whose name is Tina. 7 Tina is a top student (who/whom) the school gave a medal to for winning the writing competition. 8 Tina likes reading the novels which/that are written by Charles Dickens. 9 Tina is the host of the schools radio club that/which started was 2 years ago.10 Students like the scho

19、ol news (that/which) the radio club broadcasts.参考：定语从句讲析（The attributive clause）一、关键词1. 定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。 3. 关系词：关系词用来引导定语从句。关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。关系代词有，that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why，how等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：1)引导定语从句；2)代替先行词；3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如

20、： The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake句中，which my uncle had iust bought是定语从句，修饰先行词the car；which是引导定语句的关系词，代替先行词the car，在定语从句中作主语。二、关系代词引导定语从句的用法 1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000. 丧失家园的人数多达250,000。In 1519 another trave

21、ler who went to America from Europe discovered tomatoes1519年从欧洲去美洲的另一名旅行者发现了西红柿。 The competitor who won the most gold medals was David Beckham赢得最多奖牌的运动员是大卫贝克翰姆。2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。 The person whom you should ask is Mr. Ba

22、ll你应该问的人是的尔先生。The athlete whom I liked most was Carl Lewis我最喜欢的运动员是卡尔刘易斯。 注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。The boy (whowhomthat一) we saw yesterday was Johns brother昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。Fruit trees which once grew only in China can be found in many parts of the world.曾经

23、只在中国种植的果树在世界许多地方都可以见到。The gold medal which she won has been given to her old school 她曾获得的金牌已经送给她的母校了。4.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。The woman that I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal我在报上读到的那位妇女刚刚夺得一枚金牌。Corn is a very useful plant that can be prepared in m

24、any different ways 玉米是一种能够用多种方法制作食品的有用作物。The report that Mr. Turner handed in was about the motor race.特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。5.whose 通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I know the person whose company produces computers. 我认识那个人，他的公司生产计算机。 This is the person whose story surprised everybody. 这个人的故事使大家吃惊。 I once lived

25、 in the house whose roof has fallen我曾经住在那个房顶倒塌的房子里。注意：whose指物时，常用。of which结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired三、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯出生的日期吗? The tim

26、e when my father worked was a hard time我父亲工作的那个时候是一段艰难岁月。 There were times when I didnt know what to do有些时候我不知道该怎么办才好。2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。This is the city where I was born这是我出生的城市。He helped his father on the small farm where they lived. 他在他们居住的小农场帮助他的父亲。The farm where we picked cotton was nine ki

27、lometers away我们摘过棉花的那个农场有9公里远。3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们做这事的理由。 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： Ill never forget the day whenon which I joined the army.我永远不会忘记我参军的那一天。 Kentucky is the st

28、ate wherein which Lincoln was born肯塔基州是林肯的出生地。 The reason whyfor which he refused the invitation is quite clear他拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如去掉主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。翻译时译成先行词的定语“的”。Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to

29、 college她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。2非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是对先行词意义的补充说明，如大，主句仍能表达完整的意思，通常译成主句的并列句。 Her brother，who is now a soldier，always encourages her to go to college她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学 All the books，which have pictures in them，are we

30、ll written所有的书都带插图，这些书都得很好。 3在关系词的使用上，1) 限制性定语从句作宾语时可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。2) 限制性定语从句中可用that,而非限制性定语从句中则不用that。3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。如：我昨天买的那本书是哈里波特与凤凰令。 The book（thatwhich） I bought yesterday is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix. The book，which l bought yesterday，is Harry P

31、otter and the Order of Phoenix.The engineer (whowhomthat) I met in the office worked very hard The engineer，whom 1 met in the office，worked very hard His mother，who loves him very much，is strict with him五、特别提示 1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。如：This is one of the books which were written by Charle

32、s DickensHe is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French注意：which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。这时which和as 被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式应用单数形。 如： He said he was a Frenchman，whichas was not true但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。如：As is known to all，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country ,which is