新剑桥商务英语高级习题答案解析.docx
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新剑桥商务英语高级习题答案解析
EnglishforBusinessStudies
KeytoUnit01:
Thethreesectorsoftheeconomy
Thisunitcoversalotofbasicvocabularyconcerningdevelopedeconomiesmuchofitinanextractfromawell-knownBritishnovel.Italsodiscussestheevolutionoftheeconomyofmostoftheolderindustrializedcountries,withthedeclineofmanufacturingindustryanditsreplacementbyservices.ThereisanextractfromamagazineinterviewwithaneconomistandaninterviewwithaBritishMemberofParliamentonthisissue.
1aVocabularyp09
Identifythemostprominentfeaturesinthisphotograph,whichillustratesvariousimportantelementsoftheinfrastructureofamodernindustrializedcountry.
Thephotoclearlyshowsalargefactory(theUnileverfactoryinWarrington,England)inthecenter,withmorefactories,industrialunits,orwarehousesinthetopright-handcorner.Thelargefactoryseemstoincludesomeofficebuildings.Alsovisibleareagriculturalland(inthebackground;thelandintheforegrounddoesn’tappeartobecultivated),ariver,arailwayandseveralroads,andhousing,perhapswithaschoolinthecenterofthehousingestatetopleft.
1bReadingp10
Whatisthekeypointthatthisextractismakingabouteconomies?
Thetextsuggeststhatmostpeopletakeforgrantedtheamazingcomplexityoftheeconomicinfrastructure.
1cComprehensionp11
1.Inlines4-7,Robynseesexamplesofallthree.Whatarethey?
Tinyfields(theprimarysector),factories(thesecondarysector),andrailways,motorways,shops,offices,andschools(thetertiarysector).
2.Thelongsentencefromlines12-28listsalargenumberofoperationsbelongingtothedifferentsectorsoftheeconomy.Classifythe18activitiesfromthepassage
Primarysector:
diggingironore,miningcoal.
Secondarysector:
assembling,building,cuttingmetal,layingcables,millingmetal,smeltingiron,weldingmetal.
Tertiarysector:
advertisingproducts,calculatingprices,distributingaddedvalue,maintenance,marketingproducts,packagingproducts,pumpingoil,transportation.
3.Canyouthinkofthreeimportantactivitiestoaddtoeachlist(notnecessarilyinrelationtothekettle)?
Primarysector:
farming(agriculture),fishingandforestry
Secondarysector:
manufacturing,transformingandprocessing
Tertiarysector:
financing,designing,retailing
2aReadingp12
1.Whydopeopleworryaboutthedeclineofmanufacturing?
Becausetheythinkitwillleadtounemployment.
2.Whichactivitiesareasimportantastheproductionofgoods?
Designinggoods,persuadingpeopletobuythem;artsandentertainment.
3.Shouldpeopleworryaboutthisstateofaffairs?
No,becauseitisanatural,progressiveandinevitabledevelopment.
2bListeningp13
ListentoashortinterviewwithDenisMacShane,aBritishMemberofParliamentfortheLaborParty.
DoesheholdthesameviewasJ.K.Galbraith?
DenisMacShanequiteclearlydisagreeswithGalbraith.
1.WhydoesMacShanethinkthatmanufacturinghasafuture?
Becausetherearemanynewproductsthathavetobeinventedtoservenewneeds.
2.WhydoesMacShanethinkthatmanufacturinghasafutureintheadvancedcountries?
Becausethesecountrieshaveproductiontechnologythatrequiresverylittlelaborinput.
3.Why,however,isthismanufacturingunlikelytosolvetheproblemofunemployment?
Preciselybecauseitrequiresverylittlelaborinput.
4.WhatdoesMacShanemeanby‘intheorythereshouldbenomoremanufacturing’inSwitzerland?
(Itisthistheorythatmakesmanypeoplearguethatmanufacturingmustmoveto‘less-developed’countries.)
Theconventionaltheoryisthatthemostimportantcostinmanufacturingislabor,andwagesandsalariesinSwitzerlandarethehighestintheworld.(Asisthecostofliving!
)
5.WhydoeshesayitissurprisingforaBritishcompanytobebuyingSwissgoods?
Becausethepoundsterlinghas,overtheyears,lostagreatdealofvalueagainstforeigncurrencies,especiallytheSwissfranc.
6.WhatisthereasonhegivesfortheUnitedStatesstillbeingtherichestnationintheworld?
Ithasasuccessfulmanufacturingeconomy,includingitscomputerandcar(automobile)industries.
7.Matchupthefollowingexpressionsanddefinitions:
1.toconvertitself.B/tochangefromonethingtoanother
2.toserveneedsD/tosatisfypeople’sdesiresorrequirements
3.LaborinputA/manualwork
4.tostumbleonE/todiscoversomethingbyaccident
5.tobedubiousC/tobeuncertain,disbelieving
2cWritingp13
SummarizebothGallbraith’sandMacShane’sargumentsinashortparagraphoffewerthen50words.
APOSSIBLESUMMARYGalbraithsaysthatmanufacturingindustrywillinevitablydeclineintheadvancedindustrialcountries,andbereplacedbydesign,advertising,entertainment,andsoon.MaShanesaysthatmanufacturingwillchange,andmakenewproductswithnewtechnology.
Newwordsinthisunit01
agriculture,business,company,consumer,economic,economy,employment,goods,industry,infrastructure,labour,manufacturing,primarysector,product,rawmaterials,secondarysector,tertiarysector,unemployment
Unit2Management
Managementisimportant.Thesuccessorfailureofbusinessorganizations,governmentinstitutionsandpublicsectorservices,voluntaryandnon-profitorganizations,sportsteams,andsoon,oftendependsonthequalityoftheirmanagement.Thisunitincludesadiscussionofthequalitiesrequiredbymanagers,adefinitionofmanagement,considerationoftheroleofthemeetingsinmanagement,acriticalviewofthemanagementofonelargeAmericanmultinationalcompany,andaninterviewwiththemanagerofaBritishdepartmentstore,whodiscusseshisjob.
Beforethediscussiononthequalitiesrequiredbymanagersandthedefinitionofmanagement,maybewecandiscussthecartoon.What’sthejoke?
WecanassumethatMr.Farvisrunsthiscompany(hisnameisonthedoor).Whatcanwesayabouthismanagerialskills,orhisapparentlackofthem?
Discussinpairsfortwominuteswhatexactlymanagersdo,concerningorganizing,settingobjectives,allocatingtasksandresources,communicating,motivating,andsoon.
1aDiscussion
Whatismanagement?
Isitanartorascience?
Aninstinctorasetofskillsandtechniquesthatcanbetaught?
Managementisamixtureofinnatequalitiesandlearnableskillsandtechniques.
Whatdoyouthinkmakesagoodmanager?
Whichfourofthefollowingqualitiesdoyouthinkarethemostimportant?
Beingdecisive:
abletomakequickdecisions
Beingefficient:
doingthingsquickly,notleavingtasksunfinished,havingatidydesk,andsoon
Beingfriendlyandsociable
Beingabletocommunicatewithpeople-----
Beinglogical,rationalandanalytical
Beingabletomotivateandinspireandleadpeople-----
Beingauthoritative:
abletogiveorders
Beingcompetent:
knowingone’sjobperfectly,aswellastheworkofone’ssubordinates-----
Beingpersuasive:
abletoconvincepeopletodothings
Havinggoodideas-----
Arethereanyqualitiesthatyouthinkshouldbeaddedtothislist?
Whichofthesequalitiescanbeacquired?
Whichmustyoubebornwith?
Thereareclearlynodefinitiveanswersastowhichoftheseskillscanbeacquired.
1bReading
PeterDrucker,the(Austrian-born)Americanmanagementprofessorandconsultant,istheauthorofmanybooksaboutbusiness.ThistextsummarizessomeofPeterDrucker’sviewsonmanagement.Itparaphrasestheextendeddefinitionofmanagementhegivesinoneofhismanagementtextbooks.Asyoureadabouthisdescriptionoftheworkofamanager,decidewhetherthefivedifferentfunctionshementionsrequirethefourqualitiesyouselectedinyourdiscussion,orothersyoudidnotchoose.
Whatismanagement?
Drucker’sfirstpoint(settingobjectivesanddevelopingstrategies)presumablyrequiresqualitiesJ,H,EandA(notnecessarilyinthatorder).Thesecondpoint(organizing)presumablyalsorequiresH,EandJ.Thethirdpoint(motivationandcommunication)embracesF,D,IandprobablyC.Thefourthpoint(measuringperformance)probablyrequiresHandE.Thefifthpoint(developingpeople)mightrequireH,F,DandJ.Butallthisisclearlyopentodiscussion.
1cVocabulary
Completethefollowingsentenceswiththesewords.
Achieved;boardofdirectors;communicate;innovations;manageable;performance;resources;setting;supervise
1.managershavetodecidehowbesttoallocatethehuman,physicalandcapitalresourcesavailabletothem.
2.Managers--logically–havetomakesurethatthejobsandtasksgiventotheirsubordinatesaremanageable.
3.Thereisnopointinsettingobjectivesifyoudon’tcommunicatethemtoyourstaff.
4.Managershavetosupervisetheirsubordinates,andtomeasure,andtrytoimprove,theirperformance.
5.Managershavetocheckwhetherobjectivesandtargetsarebeingachieved.
6.Atopmanagerwhoseperformanceisunsatisfactorycanbedismissedbythecompany’sboardofdirectors.
7.Topmanagersareresponsiblefortheinnovationsthatwillallowacompanytoadapttoachangingworld.
1dVocabulary
Thetextcontainsanumberofcommonverb-nounpartnerships(e.g.achieveobjectives,dealwithcrises,andsoon).
Matchuptheseverbsandnounstomakecommoncollocations.
Allocateresources(orpeople)
Communicateinformation(ordecisions)
Developstrategies(orpeopleorsubordinates)
Makedecisions
Measureperformance
Motivatepeople
Performjobs
Setobjectives
Supervisesubordinates
2Meetings
‘Onecaneitherworkormeet.Onecannotdobothatthesametime.’
(PeterDrucker:
AnIntroductoryViewofManagement)
WhatdoyouthinkPeterDruckermeansbythiscomment?
Druckerobviouslybelievesthatworkislargelysomethingthatisdoneindividually,andthatmeetingsarenot‘work’,