西方文化导论.docx

西方文化导论.docx

《西方文化导论.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《西方文化导论.docx（7页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

西方文化导论

西方文化导论

西方文化

GreekCulture

1.AwarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandTroy:

1200BC

2.MarkedthehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekcultureinthe5thB.C:

（1）ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcenturyB.C.

（2）Theestablishmentofdemocracyand

（3）Theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens

Romanculture

1.与Greek相同之处：

1.TheRomanshadalotincommonwithGreeks（P13）

2.Boththe….

3.4.5

2.Architecture:

Thepantheon,PontduGard,TheColosseum

1.PatheonisthebestpreservedRom

antemple.

2.PontduGardisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueduct（P16-17）

3.Colosseumisanenormousamphitheatre.

ThebibleandChristianity

1.ChristianityisthemostinfluentialintheWest.

2.JudaismandChristianity的关系（P17）

（1）ItwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity

（2）BothJudaismandChristianityoriginatedinPalestine

3.TheoldTestament:

（1）TheoldTestament+theNewTestament=TheBible（P18）

（2）TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod

（3）TheNewTestamentisthedoctrineofJesusChrist

ThemiddleAges

generalintroduction

1.ThemiddleAges年份,A.D476-1453（P28）

2.InA.D.476GermanicgeneralkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrol

3.EasternRomanEmpirecontinued,thepowerofancientRomewasgone

4.AgreatmanyGermanickingdomsgrowintoEngland,France,Spain,ItalyandGermany.

5.In5thand11thcenturies,westernEuropewasfrequentwarsandinvasions.

WhyistheMAcalled“AgeofFaith”（p29）

1.DuringtheMedievalTimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeporder.TheonlyorganizationwastheChristianchurch

2.IntheLateMiddleAges,almosteveryoneinWesternEuropeisChristianandamember…

3.Christian掌权政治法律。

。

。

Itshapedpeople’slives

Thecrusades

1.ImportanteffectofThecrusades:

（P31）

（1）AlthoughtheCrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffect…AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope

（2）…Helpedtobreakdownfeudalismwhich,inturnledtoriseofthemonarchies.

（3）…Theirdesireforwealthorpowerbegantoovershadowtheirreligiousideals…

（4）Resultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention….AndtheriseoftownsandtradeinwesternEuropepavedthewayforthegrowthofstrongnationalgovernment.

ArtandArchitecture

Romanesque（罗马式建筑）（P36）

1.“Romanesque”=“IntheRomanmanner”…

Gothicart与Romanesqueart的区别

1.Romanesqueartisreligious.

2.Romanesquesculptureandpaintingareoftenimbuedwithsymbolismandallegory.

3.…churchesarestone..butthefeelingofuncertaintyandinsecuritywasstillthere.

Gothic

1.TheGothicstylestartedinFrance

2.…Itwasgivendirectionbyadifferentaestheticandphilosophicalspiritandreflectedamuchmoreorderedfeudalsocietywithfullconfidence.

RenaissanceandReformation

1.Renaissance:

14thandmid17thcentury（P37）

2.RenaissancemeansrevivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture

RenaissanceinItaly:

TheRiseofHumanism

Themainelementofhumanism?

HowaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduringItalianRenaissance?

1.AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophyistheassertionofthegreatnessofman.

2.Relatedtothisisthebeliefinthepromotionofwealthandpleasureandafrankadmirationforthebeautyofhumanbody.

3.InartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissance…interestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodandtheHouseofGodtothebeautyofhumanbodyinallits…

RenaissanceArt

HowdidItalianRenaissanceartbreakawayfrommedievaltradition?

（P39）

1.Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch….Artistsarecommissionedbythechurchtopaintthedesignbecameaseparatestratumlikewritersandpoetsdoingnoble…

2.Themesofpaintingchangedinto…..allaspectofnatureandman

3.Artists…putmanyoftheprincipleofancientcivilizationintotheirwork.

4.Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheories..

Theseventeenthcentury

1.inthe17thcenturyEuropeadvancedfromtheMiddleAgestothemoderntimes.P56

2.Thisadvancebeganinscience…,owingtotheworkofGalileo,Kepler,NewtonandDescartes.

3.Thetriumphsofsciencerevivedhumanpride.Thisnewoutlookshatteredthe…andboughtaboutmodernphilosophy..

4.Thenewscienceandphilosophygaveagreatpushtopoliticalstruggle..thebourgeoisie,andotherclasses.The17thcenturysawtheintense…,showninrevolutioninEnglandandabsolutemonarchyinFrance…

Twomeritssharedbythegreatscientists（P61）简答题：

科学哲学观如何形成

1.Theyshowedboldnessinframinghypotheses

2.Theyallhadimmensepatienceinobservation

3.Thecombinationofthetwomeritsbroughtaboutfundamentalchangesinman’sscientificandphilosophicalthinking.

FrenchClassicism这个属于Theseventeenthcentury里边的，就放在左边了

ThedifferencebetweenclassicismandFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturyP68-69

1.Classicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientworld,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.

2.butFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival.

3.ThisneoclassicismreacheditsclimaxinFranceinthe17thcentury.

ThreenoticecharacteristicsofFrenchclassicismorFrenchneoclassicismP69

1.Manwasviewedasasocialbeingconsciouslyandwillinglysubjecttodiscipline

2.Rationalismwasbelievedtobeabletodiscovetrthebestprinciplesofhumanconductand….

3.Frenchclassicismwasfondofusingclassicalforms,classicalthemesandvalues.

Frenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasanewtypeofclassicism.

BaroqueArt（巴洛克艺术）

1.BaroqueartflourishedfirstinItaly.P71

2.ItthenspreadtoSpain,Portugal,FranceinsouthEuropeandtoFlanderandtheNetherlandsinthenorth.

3.Itwascharacterizedbydramaticintensityandsentimentalappealwithalotofemphasisonlightandcolour（注重光与色的效果，气势雄伟，有感性吸引力）

｛代表人物及其作品：

P71-72

1.GiovanniLorenzoBernini（贝尔尼尼）1.2.3.David（大卫）,TheEcstasyofSt.Theresa（圣特雷萨的沉迷

2.MichelangeloCaravagio（卡拉瓦乔）1.2firstpainterto强光黑影突出主角画面ThecallingofSt.Matthew\Thecardsharps

3.FrancescoBorromini（普罗密尼）1.2对..进行大胆改变

4.PeterPaulRubens（鲁本斯）1.2.3.greatestpainterofFlemishschool,对扩散Baroque重大贡献，主要作品QueenofFrance\Theraisingofthecross

5.DiegoVelasquez（委拉斯开兹）1.Themaidsofhonor

ArtandArchitectureinFranceP73

1.FrancewastherichestandthemostpowerfulcountryinEurope.

2.LouisXIVwasthegreatestpatronthathistoryhasknown....Asaresult,Francesurgedaheadinarchitecture.

3.ThemasterpiecesofarchitectureinFranceareEastFrontoftheLouvre（卢浮宫朝东的一面）andPalaceofVersaillesGardenFront（凡尔赛宫朝花园的一面）.

TheAgeofEnlightenmentp74-75

1.TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFranceoriginatinginFrance.Itattractedwidespreadsupport……..ofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.

2.TheEnlightenmentissometimes“theAgeofReason”becauseitcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice.

RococoArt（洛可可）P87

1.RococoartappearedduringthereignofLouisXIVandLouisXVinFrance.

2.ThenameofRococohasbeeninterpretedasbeingmadeupoftwoFrenchwords,rocaille,meaningrockandcoquille,meaningshell.

3.Rococostyleinartisusuallyassociatedwitharchitectureandinteriordecoration.

4.Rococoartischaracterizedbyelaborateornamentationimitatingshellworkandfoliageandithasacurvingandelasticpattern.

5.Rococoartwasnotastyleinfinearts,butastyleinsuchminorartsasfurniture,tapestriesclocksandceilingchandeliers.

代表作：

SalondelaPrincesses

Romanticism

WhatisRomanticism?

P91

1.Romanticismwasamovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.

2.Romanticismemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsociety.

Romanticliterature:

RomanticLiteratureworks,diversifiedincharacteranddaringinspirit,alldepictedman’seagersearchforindividualfreedom,puresentimentsandidealbeauty.

Romanticmusic:

P92

1.MusicintheRomanticperiodechoedevermorecloselythenewideasandthemesinartandliterature.

2.Thereoccurredanonrushofexpressiveprogrammusic,artsongandoperaswhichallborethecharacteristicoforiginalityanddifference（新颖别致的）.

3.Themusicalromanticsallowedmorefreedominform,stressedtheroleoffhumansentiments,imaginationandloveofnatureanddrewextensivelyonfolkmusicintheircompositions.

4.Themusicalromanticsalsobecameconsciousoftheirnationalfeelingsandtriedhardtogivethemafullexpression

ArtandArchitectureP102-104

Realism

WhyisitthatBalzachasbeencalled“theFrenchDickens”andDickenshasbeencalled“theEnglishBalzac”?

p119

ImpressionisminArtp127

1.Impressionismwasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19thcentury.

2.Impressionisminpaintingbeganinthemid-19thcenturyParis.

3.Theterm“impressionism”firstappeared…itwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonet’sImpression:

Sunrise（1872）

4.Generallyspeaking,theimpressionistsaimedatcapturingthefleetingimageofascenetakeninbytheeyeinreallifeandrecreatingthetransitoryexperiencewithbrushstrokes.

Impressionistartists（知道一些）0p127-128

ModernismandOtherTrends

WhatwasmeantbymodernismandwhendidtheModernistmovementbegin?

P130

1.acomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury

2.madeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism

WhyhasModernismbeencalled“the