西方文化导论.docx

1、西方文化导论西方文化导论西方文化Greek Culture1.A war was fought between Greece and Troy: 1200BC 2.Marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th B.C: (1)The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C.(2)The establishment of democracy and (3)The flourishing of science ,

2、 philosophy, literature , art and historical writing in AthensRoman culture 1. 与Greek相同之处：1. The Romans had a lot in common with Greeks (P13)2.Both the . 3.4.52. Architecture : The pantheon, Pont du Gard, The Colosseum1. Patheon is the best preserved Romantemple.2.Pont du Gard is an exceptionally we

3、ll-preserved aqueduct (P16-17)3.Colosseum is an enormous amphitheatre.The bible and Christianity 1.Christianity is the most influential in the West.2.Judaism and Christianity 的关系 (P17)（1）It was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity （2）Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Pales

4、tine3.The old Testament: (1) The old Testament+ the New Testament = The Bible (P18)(2)The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God(3)The New Testament is the doctrine of Jesus Christ The middle Ages general introduction1.The middle Ages 年份, A.D 476-1453 (P28)2.In A.D. 476 Germanic general kill

5、ed the last Roman emperor and took control 3.Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone4.A great many Germanic kingdoms grow into England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany. 5.In 5th and 11th centuries, western Europe was frequent wars and invasions.Why is the MA called “Age o

6、f Faith” (p29)1.During the Medieval Times there was no central government to keep order. The only organization was the Christian church2.In the Late Middle Ages, almost everyone in Western Europe is Christian and a member 3.Christian 掌权政治法律。It shaped peoples livesThe crusades1.Important effect of Th

7、e crusades : (P31)(1)Although the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effectAnd they greatly influenced the history of Europe(2)Helped to break down feudalismwhich ,in turn led to rise of the monarchies.(3)Their desire for wealth or power began to overs

8、hadow their religious ideals(4)Resulted in renewing peoples interest in learning and invention.And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way for the growth of strong national government. Art and Architecture Romanesque(罗马式建筑) (P36)1.“Romanesque”=“In the Roman manner”Gothic art 与Rom

9、anesque art 的区别1.Romanesque art is religious.2.Romanesque sculpture and painting are often imbued with symbolism and allegory.3.churches are stone .but the feeling of uncertainty and insecurity was still there.Gothic1.The Gothic style started in France2.It was given direction by a different aestheti

10、c and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. Renaissance and Reformation 1.Renaissance: 14th and mid 17th century (P37)2.Renaissance means revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureRenaissance in Italy: The Rise of HumanismThe main ele

11、ment of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during Italian Renaissance?1.At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy is the assertion of the greatness of man.2.Related to this is the belief in the promotion of wealth and pleasure and a frank admiration for the beauty of h

12、uman body.3.In art and literature during the Italian Renaissanceinterest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God and the House of God to the beauty of human body in all itsRenaissance ArtHow did Italian Renaissance art break away from

13、medieval tradition? (P39)1.Art broke away from the domination of the church.Artists are commissioned by the church to paint the design became a separate stratum like writers and poets doing noble 2.Themes of painting changed into .all aspect of nature and man3.Artists put many of the principle of an

14、cient civilization into their work.4.Artists introduced in their works scientific theories. The seventeenth century 1.in the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. P562.This advance began in science, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 3.The tr

15、iumphs of science revived human pride. This new outlook shattered the and bought about modern philosophy.4.The new science and philosophy gave a great push to political struggle .thebourgeoisie, and other classes. The 17th century saw the intense,shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy

16、in FranceTwo merits shared by the great scientists (P61)简答题：科学哲学观如何形成1.They showed boldness in framing hypotheses2.They all had immense patience in observation3.The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in mans scientific and philosophical thinking.French Classicism这个属于The

17、seventeenth century里边的，就放在左边了The difference between classicism and French classicism of the 17th century P68-691.Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle.2.but French classicism of the

18、 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival.3.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.Three notice characteristics of French classicism or French neoclassicism P691.Man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline2.Rational

19、ism was believed to be able to discovetr the best principles of human conduct and.3.French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.French classicism of the 17thcentury was a new type of classicism.Baroque Art（巴洛克艺术）1.Baroque art flourished first in Italy. P712.It th

20、en spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the north.3.It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour（注重光与色的效果，气势雄伟，有感性吸引力）代表人物及其作品： P71-721.Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini （贝尔尼尼）1.2.3. David(大卫),

21、The Ecstasy of St. Theresa(圣特雷萨的沉迷2.Michelangelo Caravagio（卡拉瓦乔）1.2 first painter to 强光黑影突出主角画面 The calling of St. Matthew The cardsharps3.Francesco Borromini （普罗密尼） 1.2 对.进行大胆改变4.Peter Paul Rubens （鲁本斯）1.2.3. greatest painter of Flemish school, 对扩散Baroque重大贡献， 主要作品 Queen of France The raising of th

22、e cross5.Diego Velasquez （委拉斯开兹）1. The maids of honorArt and Architecture in France P731.France was the richest and the most powerful country in Europe.2.Louis XIV was the greatest patron that history has known.As a result, France surged ahead in architecture.3.The masterpieces of architecture in Fr

23、ance are East Front of the Louvre(卢浮宫朝东的一面) and Palace of Versailles Garden Front（凡尔赛宫朝花园的一面）.The Age of Enlightenment p74-751.The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France originating in France. It attracted widespread support. of Europe and North America in the second half o

24、f the 18th century.2.The Enlightenment is sometimes “the Age of Reason” because it characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice. Rococo Art（洛可可） P871.Rococo art appeared during the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV in France.2.The name of Ro

25、coco has been interpreted as being made up of two French words, rocaille, meaning rock and coquille, meaning shell.3.Rococo style in art is usually associated with architecture and interior decoration.4.Rococo art is characterized by elaborate ornamentation imitating shellwork and foliage and it has

26、 a curving and elastic pattern.5.Rococo art was not a style in fine arts, but a style in such minor arts as furniture, tapestries clocks and ceiling chandeliers.代表作： Salon de la Princesses RomanticismWhat is Romanticism? P911.Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which

27、developed in Europe in the late 18thand early 19th centuries.2.Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society.Romantic literature: Romantic Literature works, diversified in character and daring in spirit, all depicted mans eager search for individual freedom, pure se

28、ntiments and ideal beauty.Romantic music: P921.Music in the Romantic period echoed ever more closely the new ideas and themes in art and literature.2.There occurred an onrush of expressive program music, art song and operas which all bore the characteristic of originality and difference(新颖别致的).3.The

29、 musical romantics allowed more freedom in form, stressed the role off human sentiments, imagination and love of nature and drew extensively on folk music in their compositions. 4.The musical romantics also became conscious of their national feelings and tried hard to give them a full expressionArt

30、and Architecture P102-104RealismWhy is it that Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” and Dickens has been called “the English Balzac”? p119Impressionism in Art p1271.Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century.2.Impressionism in painting began in the mid-19th century Pa

31、ris.3.The term “impressionism” first appeared it was taken directly from the title of Monets Impression: Sunrise (1872)4.Generally speaking, the impressionists aimed at capturing the fleeting image of a scene taken in by the eye in real life and recreating the transitory experience with brushstrokes

32、.Impressionist artists （知道一些）0 p127-128Modernism and Other TrendsWhat was meant by modernism and when did the Modernist movement begin? P1301.a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century2.made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurismWhy has Modernism been called “the