MultiIndustry Applications of Software Capability Maturity Model Integration.docx

MultiIndustry Applications of Software Capability Maturity Model Integration.docx

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MultiIndustryApplicationsofSoftwareCapabilityMaturityModelIntegration

Multi-IndustryApplicationsofSoftwareCapabilityMaturityModelIntegration

Huei-ZhenGu

DepartmentofInformationManagement,LunghwaUniversityofScienceandTechnology

Hsiu-YinLu

GraduateSchoolofBusiness&Management,LunghwaUniversityofScienceandTechnology

Abstract

TheCapabilityMaturityModelIntegration（CMMI）iscurrentlythemostwidelyadoptedandinfluentialprocessimprovementframeworkwhichhasbeenrecognizedworldwide,ittotallycontains25processareascoveringarangeofsuppliersourcing,productconcepttoproductdelivery,andmaintenanceofthewholeproductionlifecycle,continuousorstagedmodelsmaybeusedforrepresentationduringapplication.Todate,thegovernmentofTaiwanisenthusiasticallylaunchingCMMI-relatedplans,inordertoboostthecompetitivenessofsoftwareindustry.Nevertheless,itshouldbenotedthattheCMMIframeworkisnotonlyprovidingasthebasisofprocessimprovementforsoftwareindustry,butalsoavaluablereferenceforotherorganizationswhichintendtoengageinprocessimprovement.Therefore,thispaperintendstodiscussandanalyzeoninterpretingCMMImodel,multi-industrialapplicationsofCMMImodeltailoring,IDEALmethodologyforimplementation,andprocessimprovementappraisal,hopefullytoprovideasanenlightenmentreferenceforthoseindustrialorganizationsthatintendtoapplytheCMMImodelforprocessimprovement.

Keywords：

CapabilityMaturityModelIntegration（CMMI）,StagedRepresentation,ContinuousRepresentation

1.Introduction

Since1991,theSoftwareEngineeringInstituteofCarnegieMellonUniversity（CMU/SEI）hasdevelopedtheCapabilityMaturityModelforSoftware（SW-CMM）,underthesponsorshipoftheU.S.DepartmentofDefense（DoD）.Fromthattimeon,manydifferentmaturitymodelshavebeendevelopedforandappliedinamyriadofdisciplines,suchasSystemsEngineering,SoftwareAcquisition,IntegratedProductandProcessDevelopment.Althoughthesemodelshavebeenproveduseful,butthedifferences,intermsofarchitecture,content,andimplementationpractice,existamongthesediscipline-specificmodelswouldrestricttheseorganizations’capabilitiesinimplementingprocessimprovement（CMU/SEI,2002）.Inotherwords,toapplydifferentmodelsforoneenterprisewouldsignificantlyincreasethecostsoftrainingandevaluation.Therefore,itwasnecessarytointegratedifferentmodelsintooneintegratedsinglemodel;CMMIntegrationwasdevelopedunderthishistoricalbackgroundtosolvesuchproblemsofusingmultipleCMMs.

CapabilityMaturityModelIntegration（CMMI）wasdevelopedbytheCMMIProjectTeam,whichwasformedtogetherbyDoD,NationalDefenseIndustrialAssociation,andCMU/SEI.Todate,CMMIofferedfourdisciplinesasthereferenceframeworkofprocessimprovementincluding,SystemsEngineering（SE）,SoftwareEngineering（SW）,IntegratedProductandProcessDevelopment（IPPD）,andSupplierSourcing（SS）.

Nowadays,CMMIisaninternationallyrecognizedandwidelyusedprocessimprovementframeworkthathasprovidedsystems/softwareorganizationswithsustainedimprovementinsoftwaredevelopmentandmanagementcapability,enhancedtheirsoftwareproductivityandquality,andboostedtheircompetitiveness（Chrissiset.al.,2003）.In2004,CMU/SEIperformedaninvestigationamong13companieswhichimplementedCMMIprocessimprovement,anditwasfoundthatallofthesecompaniesgainedimprovementsonaspectsofcost,scheduling,productivity,productquality,customersatisfactionandreturnofinvestment.

Amongtheinvestigationonthese6aspects,thecostaspectisshownwithhigherbenefitof83%,whilethelowestbenefitisenhancedby5%；theschedulingaspectisshownwithhigherbenefitof95%,whilethelowestbenefitisenhancedby15%；theproductivityaspectisshownwithhigherbenefitof60%,whilethelowestbenefitisenhancedby11%；theproductaspectisshownwithhigherbenefitof72%,whilethelowestbenefitisenhancedby20%；thecustomersatisfactionaspectisshownwithhigherbenefitof55%,whilethelowestbenefitisenhancedby10%；thereturnofinvestmentaspectisshownwithhigherbenefitof13timesthanbefore,whilethelowestbenefitisenhancedbydouble.Therefore,thegovernmentofTaiwanisactivelylaunchingCMMIplans,andencouragingmanysoftwareservicecompaniestoobtainCMMIcertification,inordertoboosttheirR&Dcapabilitiesinsoftwaredevelopment.

Fromtheillustrationabove,itisreflectingthattheprocessimprovementofCMMIwouldactuallyresultinquiteremarkableoutcome.Although,CMMIwasinitiallydesignatedonlyforsoftwareindustry,but,afterthoroughunderstanding,itiseventuallyalsoverysuitableforotherindustries.However,accordingtoLin（Lin,2004）,"CMMIframeworkshouldnotbemisunderstood,itispurelyandsimplyamanagementtoolfororganizationalprocessimprovementandthisframeworkisnotconfinedtosoftwareindustryorganizationsorsoftwareproductssuchasdigitalcontents,games,customizedsoftwareorCOTS（CommercialOffTheShelf）.Inaddition,CMMIcontainssomeofthebestpatternsforengineeringandengineeringmanagement.Whenappliedproperlyandeffectively,itwouldmultiplyproductqualityandalloworganizationtoreceivebenefitsonpursingexcellenceandperpetualgrowth."However,currently,thereareonlylimitedimplementationmethodologies,relevantresourcesandknowledgeontheapplicationsofotherindustries,anditisfarshortofsuccessfulimplementationcasesfromnon-softwareindustrialorganizations（III,2002）.Therefore,thispaperfocusesontheinterpretationoftheCMMImodel,thecrossindustrialapplicationofCMMImodeltailoring,IDEALmethodology,and,therebyextendingitsapplicationsunderlyingtheCMMImodel.Thus,hopefullytoofferasanenlightenmentreferenceforalltheindustrialorganizationsthatintendtoapplytheCMMImodelforprocessimprovement.

2.TheinterpretationoftheCMMImodel

CMMIisdevelopedtoprovideanorganizationwithguidanceforimprovingitsorganizationalprocessesandcapabilitiestomanagedevelopment,acquisition,andmaintenanceofproductsorservices（CMU/SEI,2001）.CMMIincorporatesprovenpracticesintoaframeworktohelporganizationevaluateitsmaturitylevel（ML）orprocessareacapabilitylevel（CL）,inordertosetprioritiesforprocessimprovement,andthenimplementtheseimprovementactivities.

Inaddition,CMMIcontains"ContinuousRepresentation"and"StagedRepresentation"modeltypes;anorganizationcanchooseitsappropriaterepresentationmodelandprocessimprovementmethodology（MaturityLevelorCapabilityLevel）incompliancewithitsindustrialdemands.Amongthem,"ContinuousRepresentation"supportsprocesscapabilitylevelmethodologywhile"StagedRepresentation"supportsorganizationalmaturitylevelmethodology.

2.1Stagedrepresentation

CMMIstagedrepresentationclassifiesprocessareasintofivematuritylevels（ML）inordertosupportandguideprocessimprovement.Fig.1showsthese5CMMImaturitylevels.ExceptMaturityLevel1,eachmaturitylevelhasafocus:

MaturityLevel2（Managed）focusesonprojectmanagement,MaturityLevel3（Defined）focusesonprocessstandardization,MaturityLevel4（QuantitativelyManaged）focusesonquantitativemanagementprocess,whereasMaturityLevel5（Optimizing）focusesonthecontinuousimprovementoforganizationalprocesses.

Figure1.ThefocusofCMMImaturitylevelsforstagedrepresentation

Source:

CMU/SEI,2002

CMMImaturitylevelsprovideasuggestedsequence;eachmaturitylevelisacriticalparttostabilizingorganizationalprocesses.Onceamaturitylevelisreached,itmeanstheorganization’sprocessingcapacityisenhanced.ExceptMaturityLevel1,alltheothermaturitylevelsarecomposedofmultipleprocessareas,andtheentireCMMImodelprovidesanimprovementpathtofollow（CMU/SEI,2002）.ThecomponentsofthisstagedrepresentationframeworkareshowninFig.2,whereastheircorrespondingprocessareas（PAs）areshowninTable1.

Figure2Structuralcomponentialdiagramofthematuritylevelsforstagedrepresentation

Source:

CMU/SEI,2002

Table1.SynopsisofmaturitylevelsandtheircorrespondingPAs

Level

Focus

ProcessAreas

Level5Optimizing

ContinuousProcessImprovement

OrganizationalInnovationandDeployment（OID）

CausalAnalysisandResolution（CAR）

Level4QuantitativelyManaged

QuantitativeManagement

OrganizationalProcessPerformance（OPP）

QuantitativeProjectManagement（QPM）

Level3Defined

ProcessStandardization

RequirementsDevelopment（RD）

TechnicalSolution（TS）

ProductIntegration（PI）

Verification（VER）

Validation（VAL）

OrganizationalProcessFocus（OPF）

OrganizationalProcessDefinition（OPD）

OrganizationalTraining（OT）

IntegratedProjectManagement（IPM）

RiskManagement（RSKM）

IntegratedTeaming（IT）

DecisionAnalysisandResolution（DAR）

OrganizationalEnvironmentforIntegration（OEI）

Level2Managed

BasicProjectManagement

RequirementsManagement（REQM）

ProjectPlanning（PP）

ProjectMonitoringandControl（PMC）

SupplierAgreementManagement（SAM）

MeasurementandAnalysis（MA）

ProcessandProductQualityAssurance（PPQA）

ConfigurationManagement（CM）

Level1Initial

Source:

CMU/SEI,2002

2.2ThecharacteristicsofmaturitylevelsofStagedRepresentation

StagedRepresentationisconsistedof5maturitylevelsandtheirunderlyingmeaningsarestatedbelow:

1.MaturityLevel1:

Initial

Atmaturitylevel1,processesareusuallyadhocandchaoticandtheorganizationusuallydoesnotsupportastableenvironment;successintheorganizationdependsonpersonalcompetenceandheroics.Consequently,unlesst