成本会计管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章.docx

成本会计管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章.docx

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成本会计管理的着重点第十版书后习题答案第二章

CHAPTER2

ANINTRODUCTIONTOCOSTTERMSANDPURPOSES

2-1Acostobjectisanythingforwhichaseparatemeasurementofcostsisdesired.Examplesincludeaproduct,aservice,aproject,acustomer,abrandcategory,anactivity,andadepartment.

2-2Costassignmentisageneraltermthatencompassestheassignmentofbothdirectcostsandindirectcoststoacostobject.Directcostsaretracedtoacostobjectwhileindirectcostsareallocatedtoacostobject.

∙Directcostsofacostobjectarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectandcanbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasible（cost-effective）way.

∙Indirectcostsofacostobjectarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectbutcannotbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasible（cost-effective）way.

2-3Managersbelievethatcoststhataretracedtoaparticularcostobjectaremoreaccuratelyassignedtothatcostobjectthanareallocatedcosts.Managersprefertousemoreaccuratecostsintheirdecisions.

2-4Factorsaffectingtheclassificationofacostasdirectorindirectinclude:

∙thematerialityofthecostinquestion,

∙availableinformation-gatheringtechnology,

∙designofoperations,and

∙contractualarrangements.

2-5Manufacturing-sectorcompaniespurchasematerialsandcomponentsandconvertthemintodifferentfinishedgoods.

Merchandising-sectorcompaniespurchaseandthenselltangibleproductswithoutchangingtheirbasicform.

Service-sectorcompaniesprovidesericesorintangibleproductstotheircustomersforexample,legaladviceoraudits.

2-6Acostdriverisafactor,suchasthelevelofactivityorvolume,thatcausallyaffectscosts（overagiventimespan）.Achangeinthecostdriverresultsinachangeinthecostofthecostobject.Forexample,numberofvehiclesassembledisadriverofthecostsofsteeringwheelsonamotor-vehicleassemblyline.

2-7Avariablecostchangesintotalinproportiontochangesintherelatedleveloftotalactivityorvolume.Anexampleisasalescommissionthatisapercentageofeachsalesrevenuedollar.

Afixedcostremainsunchangedintotalforagiventimeperioddespitewidechangesintherelatedleveloftotalactivityorvolume.Anexampleistheleasingcostofamachinethatisunchangedforagiventimeperiod（suchasayear）.

2-8Therelevantrangeisthebandofactivityorvolumeinwhichaspecificrelationshipbetweenthelevelofactivityorvolumeandthecostinquestionisvalid.Thisconceptenablestheuseoflinearcostfunctionswhenexaminingcost-volume-profit（CVP）relationshipsaslongasthevolumelevelsarewithinthatrelevantrange.

2-9Aunitcostiscomputedbydividingsomeamountoftotalcosts（thenumerator）bytherelatednumberofunits（thedenominator）.Inmanycases,thenumeratorwillincludeafixedcostthatwillnotchangedespitechangesinthedenominator.Itiserroneousinthosecasestomultiplytheunitcostbyactivityorvolumechangetopredictchangesintotalcostsatdifferentactivityorvolumelevels.

2-10Manufacturingcompaniestypicallyhaveoneormoreofthefollowingthreetypesofinventory.

1.Directmaterialsinventory.Directmaterialsinstockandawaitinguseinthemanufacturingprocess.

2.Work-in-processinventory.Goodspartiallyworkedonbutnotyetfullycompleted.Alsocalledworkinprogress.

3.Finishedgoodsinventory.Goodsfullycompletedbutnotyetsold.

2-11Inventoriablecostsareallcostsofaproductthatareregardedasanassetwhentheyareincurredandthenbecomecostofgoodssoldwhentheproductissold.Thesecostsareincludedinwork-in-processandfinishedgoodsinventory（theyare"inventoried"）tobuildupthecostsofcreatingtheseassets.

Periodcostsareallcostsintheincomestatementotherthancostofgoodssold.Thesecostsaretreatedasexpensesoftheperiodinwhichtheyareincurredbecausetheyarepresumednottobenefitfutureperiods（orbecausethereisnotsufficientevidencetoconcludethatsuchbenefitexists）.Expensingthesecostsimmediatelybestmatchesexpensestorevenues.

2-12No.Servicesectorcompanieshavenoinventoriesand,hence,noinventoriablecosts.

2-13Directmaterialscostsaretheacquisitioncostsofallmaterialsthateventuallybecomepartofthecostobject（"work-in-process"or"finishedgoods"）,andthatcanbetracedtothecostobjectinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.

Directmanufacturinglaborcostsincludethecompensationofallmanufacturinglaborthatcanbetracedtothecostobjectinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.

Indirectmanufacturingcostsareallmanufacturingcoststhatareconsideredpartofthecostobject,unitsfinishedorinprocess,butthatcannotbetracedtothatcostobjectinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.

Primecostsarealldirectmanufacturingcosts.

Conversioncostsareallmanufacturingcostsotherthandirectmaterialcosts.

2-14Overtimepremiumconsistsofthewageratepaidtoallworkers（forbothdirectlaborandindirectlabor）inexcessoftheirstraight-timewagerates.

Idletimeisasubclassificationofindirectlaborthattypicallyrepresentswagespaidforunproductivetimecausedbylackoforders,machinebreakdowns,materialshortages,poorscheduling,andthelike.

2-15Aproductcostisthesumofthecostsassignedtoaproductforaspecificpurpose.Purposesforcomputingaproductcostinclude:

•Pricingandproductemphasisdecisions.

•Contractingwithgovernmentagencies.

•Preparingfinancialstatementsforexternalreportingundergenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.

2-16（10min.）Totalcostsandunitcosts.

1.Totalcost,$4,000.Unitcostperperson,$4,000÷500=$8.00

2.Totalcost,$4,000.Unitcostperperson,$4,000÷2,000=$2.00

3.Themainlessonofthisexerciseistoalertthestudentearlyinthecoursetothedesirabilityofthinkingintermsoftotalcostsratherthanunitcostswhereverfeasible.Changesinthedenominator（theleveloftotalactivityorvolumeinthiscaseattendance）willaffecttotalvariablecostsbutnottotalfixedcosts.Inourexample,itwouldbeperiloustouseeitherthe$8.00orthe$2.00unitcosttopredictthetotalcostbecausethetotalcostsarenotaffectedbytheattendance.Instead,thestudentassociationshouldusethe$4,000totalcost.Obviously,ifthemusicalgroupagreedtoworkfor,say,$4.00perperson,suchaunitvariablecostcouldbeusedtopredictthetotalcost.

2-17（15min.）Totalcostsandunitcosts.

1.（a）$100,0002,000=$50.00perpackage

（b）$100,0006,000=$16.67perpackage

（c）$100,00010,000=$10.00perpackage

（d）[$100,000+（10,000×$8）]20,000

=$180,00020,000=$9.00perpackage

TheunitcosttoECGdecreasesonaper-unitbaseduetothefirst$100,000paymentbeingafixedcost.The$8amountperpackagebeyond10,000unitsisavariablecost.Thecostfunctionis:

2-17（Cont’d.）

2.ECGshouldnotuseanyoftheunitcostsinrequirement1whenpredictingtotalcosts.Upto10,000units,thetotalcostisafixedamount.Beyond10,000units,thetotalcostisacombinationofafixedamountplusaper-unit（beyond10,000unit）variableamount.Thetotalcostsatdifferentvolumelevelscannotbepredictedbyusingtheunitcostataspecificvolumelevel.Thetotalcostshouldbepredictedbycombiningthetotalfixedcostsandtotalvariablecostsratherthanmultiplyingaunitcostamountbythepredictednumberofpackagessold.

2-18（15min.）Computingandinterpretingunitmanufacturing

costs.

1.

Supreme

Deluxe

Regular

Directmaterialscosts

$84.00

$54.00

$62.00

Directmanuf.laborcosts

14.00

28.00

8.00

Indirectmanuf.costs

42.00

84.00

24.00

Totalmanuf.costs

$140.00

$166.00

$94.00

Poundsproduced

80

120

100

Costperpound

$1.7500

$1.3833

$0.9400

2.Theunitcostsinrequirement1includes$20millionofindirectmanufacturingcoststhatarefixedirrespectiveofchangesinthevolumeofoutputpermonth,whiletheremainingvariableindirectmanufacturingcostschangewiththeproductionvolume.GiventheunitvolumechangesforAugust2001,theuseofunitcostsfromthepastmonthatadifferentunitvolumelevel（bothinaggregateandattheindividualproductlevel）willyieldincorrectestimatesoftotalcostsinAugust2001.

2-19（20min.）Directandindirectcosts,effectofchangingtheclassificationofacostitem

1.Directcostsarecoststhatarerelatedtotheparticularpaperproducts（Supreme,Deluxe,orRegular）andcanbetracedtoeachoneinaneconomicallyfeasible（cost-effective）way.

Indirectcostsarecoststhatarerelatedtotheparticularpaperproducts（Supreme,Deluxe,orRegular）butcannotbetracedtoeachoneinaneconomicallyfeasible（cost-effective）way.

2.Energycostsof$90millioncanbetracedtoeachindividualproductionline.Thistracingwillresultinamoreaccurateassignmentofcoststoproductsthanwhenthe$150millionofindirectmanufacturingcosts（$20millionofwhichisfixed）isallocatedusingdirectmanufacturinglaborcostsateachline.The$90millionofenergycostsdonothaveanidenticalrelationshiptodirectmanufacturinglaborcostsforeachproductlineasisassumedwhenthedirectmanufacturinglaborcostallocationbaseisusedinQuestion2-18:

Supreme

Deluxe

Regular

Total

1.Directenergycosts

$39.800

$40.700

$9.500

$90.000

2.Directmanuf.laborcost

14.000

28.000

8.000

50.000

3.Ratioof1to2.

2.843

1.454

1.187

1.800

TheSupremeproductlinehasthemostenergyintensiveusagevis-à-visitsdirectmanufacturinglaborcostcontent.TheresultisthatthesupremeproductlinewillbeundercostedwhentheExercise2-18unitcostnumbersareused.

3.

Supre