成本会计管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章.docx

1、成本会计管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章CHAPTER 2AN INTRODUCTION TO COST TERMS AND PURPOSES2-1 A cost object is anything for which a separate measurement of costs is desired. Examples include a product, a service, a project, a customer, a brand category, an activity, and a department.2-2 Cost assignment is a genera

2、l term that encompasses the assignment of both direct costs and indirect costs to a cost object. Direct costs are traced to a cost object while indirect costs are allocated to a cost object. Direct costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object and can be traced to it in an economi

3、cally feasible (cost-effective) way. Indirect costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object but cannot be traced to it in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.2-3 Managers believe that costs that are traced to a particular cost object are more accurately assigned to that

4、cost object than are allocated costs. Managers prefer to use more accurate costs in their decisions.2-4 Factors affecting the classification of a cost as direct or indirect include: the materiality of the cost in question, available information-gathering technology, design of operations, and contrac

5、tual arrangements.2-5 Manufacturing-sector companies purchase materials and components and convert them into different finished goods.Merchandising-sector companies purchase and then sell tangible products without changing their basic form.Service-sector companies provide serices or intangible produ

6、cts to their customers for example, legal advice or audits.2-6 A cost driver is a factor, such as the level of activity or volume, that causally affects costs (over a given time span).A change in the cost driver results in a change in the cost of the cost object. For example, number of vehicles asse

7、mbled is a driver of the costs of steering wheels on a motor-vehicle assembly line.2-7 A variable cost changes in total in proportion to changes in the related level of total activity or volume. An example is a sales commission that is a percentage of each sales revenue dollar. A fixed cost remains

8、unchanged in total for a given time period despite wide changes in the related level of total activity or volume. An example is the leasing cost of a machine that is unchanged for a given time period (such as a year).2-8 The relevant range is the band of activity or volume in which a specific relati

9、onship between the level of activity or volume and the cost in question is valid. This concept enables the use of linear cost functions when examining cost-volume-profit (CVP) relationships as long as the volume levels are within that relevant range.2-9 A unit cost is computed by dividing some amoun

10、t of total costs (the numerator) by the related number of units (the denominator). In many cases, the numerator will include a fixed cost that will not change despite changes in the denominator. It is erroneous in those cases to multiply the unit cost by activity or volume change to predict changes

11、in total costs at different activity or volume levels.2-10 Manufacturing companies typically have one or more of the following three types of inventory.1. Direct materials inventory. Direct materials in stock and awaiting use in the manufacturing process.2. Work-in-process inventory. Goods partially

12、 worked on but not yet fully completed. Also called work in progress.3. Finished goods inventory. Goods fully completed but not yet sold.2-11 Inventoriable costs are all costs of a product that are regarded as an asset when they are incurred and then become cost of goods sold when the product is sol

13、d. These costs are included in work-in-process and finished goods inventory (they are inventoried) to build up the costs of creating these assets. Period costs are all costs in the income statement other than cost of goods sold. These costs are treated as expenses of the period in which they are inc

14、urred because they are presumed not to benefit future periods (or because there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that such benefit exists). Expensing these costs immediately best matches expenses to revenues.2-12 No. Service sector companies have no inventories and, hence, no inventoriable cos

15、ts.2-13 Direct materials costs are the acquisition costs of all materials that eventually become part of the cost object (work-in-process or finished goods), and that can be traced to the cost object in an economically feasible way. Direct manufacturing labor costs include the compensation of all ma

16、nufacturing labor that can be traced to the cost object in an economically feasible way. Indirect manufacturing costs are all manufacturing costs that are considered part of the cost object, units finished or in process, but that cannot be traced to that cost object in an economically feasible way.

17、Prime costs are all direct manufacturing costs. Conversion costs are all manufacturing costs other than direct material costs.2-14 Overtime premium consists of the wage rate paid to all workers (for both direct labor and indirect labor) in excess of their straight-time wage rates. Idle time is a sub

18、classification of indirect labor that typically represents wages paid for unproductive time caused by lack of orders, machine breakdowns, material shortages, poor scheduling, and the like.2-15 A product cost is the sum of the costs assigned to a product for a specific purpose. Purposes for computing

19、 a product cost include: Pricing and product emphasis decisions. Contracting with government agencies. Preparing financial statements for external reporting under generally accepted accounting principles.2-16 (10 min.) Total costs and unit costs.1. Total cost, $4,000. Unit cost per person, $4,000 50

20、0 = $8.002. Total cost, $4,000. Unit cost per person, $4,000 2,000 = $2.003. The main lesson of this exercise is to alert the student early in the course to the desirability of thinking in terms of total costs rather than unit costs wherever feasible. Changes in the denominator (the level of total a

21、ctivity or volume in this case attendance) will affect total variable costs but not total fixed costs. In our example, it would be perilous to use either the $8.00 or the $2.00 unit cost to predict the total cost because the total costs are not affected by the attendance. Instead, the student associ

22、ation should use the $4,000 total cost. Obviously, if the musical group agreed to work for, say, $4.00 per person, such a unit variable cost could be used to predict the total cost.2-17 (15 min.) Total costs and unit costs.1. (a) $100,000 2,000 = $50.00 per package (b) $100,000 6,000 = $16.67 per pa

23、ckage (c) $100,000 10,000 = $10.00 per package (d) $100,000 + (10,000 $8) 20,000 = $180,000 20,000 = $9.00 per packageThe unit cost to ECG decreases on a per-unit base due to the first $100,000 payment being a fixed cost. The $8 amount per package beyond 10,000 units is a variable cost. The cost fun

24、ction is:2-17 (Contd.)2. ECG should not use any of the unit costs in requirement 1 when predicting total costs. Up to 10,000 units, the total cost is a fixed amount. Beyond 10,000 units, the total cost is a combination of a fixed amount plus a per-unit (beyond 10,000 unit) variable amount. The total

25、 costs at different volume levels cannot be predicted by using the unit cost at a specific volume level. The total cost should be predicted by combining the total fixed costs and total variable costs rather than multiplying a unit cost amount by the predicted number of packages sold.2-18 (15 min.) C

26、omputing and interpreting unit manufacturingcosts.1. SupremeDeluxeRegularDirect materials costs$ 84.00$ 54.00$ 62.00Direct manuf. labor costs 14.00 28.00 8.00Indirect manuf. costs 42.00 84.00 24.00Total manuf. costs $140.00$ 166.00$ 94.00Pounds produced 80120100Cost per pound$ 1.7500$ 1.3833$0.94002

27、. The unit costs in requirement 1 includes $20 million of indirect manufacturing costs that are fixed irrespective of changes in the volume of output per month, while the remaining variable indirect manufacturing costs change with the production volume. Given the unit volume changes for August 2001,

28、 the use of unit costs from the past month at a different unit volume level (both in aggregate and at the individual product level) will yield incorrect estimates of total costs in August 2001.2-19 (20 min.) Direct and indirect costs, effect of changing the classification of a cost item1. Direct cos

29、ts are costs that are related to the particular paper products (Supreme, Deluxe, or Regular) and can be traced to each one in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way. Indirect costs are costs that are related to the particular paper products (Supreme, Deluxe, or Regular) but cannot be traced t

30、o each one in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.2. Energy costs of $90 million can be traced to each individual production line. This tracing will result in a more accurate assignment of costs to products than when the $150 million of indirect manufacturing costs ($20 million of which is

31、 fixed) is allocated using direct manufacturing labor costs at each line. The $90 million of energy costs do not have an identical relationship to direct manufacturing labor costs for each product line as is assumed when the direct manufacturing labor cost allocation base is used in Question 2-18:Su

32、premeDeluxeRegularTotal1. Direct energy costs $39.800 $40.700 $9.500 $90.0002. Direct manuf. labor cost 14.000 28.000 8.000 50.0003. Ratio of 1 to 2. 2.843 1.454 1.187 1.800The Supreme product line has the most energy intensive usage vis-vis its direct manufacturing labor cost content. The result is that the supreme product line will be undercosted when the Exercise 2-18 unit cost numbers are used.3. Supre