论美的本质王东岳 完整阅读On the essence of beautyWang Dongyues complete reading.docx
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论美的本质王东岳完整阅读OntheessenceofbeautyWangDongyuescompletereading
论美的本质--王东岳完整阅读(Ontheessenceofbeauty--WangDongyue'scompletereading)
Penname"sonnotfish",freescholar.Independentofanypoliticalpartiesandacademicinstitutions,nofixedoccupation,nordeterminethetitle,wasthemasterofmedicine,butaftergraduateoutofthemedicalcommunity;alsoworkedasavisitingprofessorofOrientalcultureandvisitingprofessorofPhilosophyDepartmentofNorthwesternUniversity,Xi'anJiaotongUniversitySchoolofmanagement,inordertomakealiving.Havepublishedthreevolumetwovolumethree:
"theplaytheory"asaBookofessays;a"fishmusic";acompilationofthe"humanfall".E-mail:
zfywdy@
Ontheessenceofbeauty
DongYueWang
Onbeautyandaestheticissues,therearetwoways:
oneistodiscussthespecificcategoryofaesthetics,aestheticsandaestheticproblemsinvolvedingeneral;theotheristodiscusstheessenceofbeauty,thatistoaskwhatisthebeautyofthisthing.Andthesecondwayofdiscussioncanonlybeaphilosophicalway.TodayIamtalkingabouttheoriginofbeautyinthesenseofphilosophy.Therefore,myclassmatesmaythinkthatitisfarfromtheUnitedStates.However,itisbecauseitisfarfromusthatitcanreallygrasptheessenceofbeauty.
One
Let'sbeginbytalkingaboutthequestionofbeauty.
Inthehistoryofphilosophy,thefirstonetoputforwardthequestionoftheessenceofbeautywasPlaton,anancientGreekphilosopher.PlatondiscussedtheprobleminSocraticdialoguewithothers,andtheonlyconclusionwasthatbeautyisdifficult".Platonbelievesthatthe"beauty"problemisverydifficult,andalmostimpossibletomakeclear.Inthisarticle,
Socratesusedwayto"denythemalltoanswerwhatisbeautiful.Inotherwords,Platoninthiswayistotellpeople,multifactoranalysiswiththebeautyofthewaynotaconclusion,itmustfindthesinglefactordeterminesthedirection,otherwisetheproblemisnotgoingtodiscuss.
Whyisthenatureofbeautyaphilosophicalquestion?
Ibrieflytalkaboutthemeaningofphilosophy.Philosophydiffersfromotherknowledgeinthatphilosophyisthestudyofultimatecauses.Thatis,itdoesnotexaminethecausesofthingsinthegeneralorintuitiveshallow.Forexample,wetalkabouthealth,andifwediscussitonageneralleveloffactors,the1000factorsareendless.Philosophydoesnotdiscussproblemsinthisway,andourusualscienceorgeneralknowledgeisamatterofmanyfactors.Thewayinwhichmanyfactorsarediscussedmakesanyfactorimpossible,soitisdoubtfulthatmanyfactorscanbediscussed.Andphilosophyistheultimatefactor,isasinglefactortodiscusstheproblem.Therefore,Russellhasaphilosophyforphilosophy:
Philosophyandtheologyaresimilar,becausetheproblemsdiscussedinphilosophyandtheologyaretheultimateproblems.Thedifferencebetweenphilosophyandtheologyisthatphilosophyistheultimatequestionofreason,andtheologyistheultimateconcernwithfaith.Ontheotherhand,philosophyandsciencearesimilar,thesamethingaboutthemisthattheyarerationaluseofthistool,theydifferinthatphilosophyfocusesontheultimatequestion,anddiscussestheconcreteproblemsofscience.Thequestionofthenatureofbeauty,
Fromthespecificlevel,wecannotdiscussit.Therefore,wemuststartfromphilosophytodiscussthisproblem.
Whatisbeautyexactly?
Publicopinionsaredivergent。
ThereisafamoussayinginQiBaishi:
"beautyisbetweenbeingandnotbeing.".Itislikeandunlike,hesaid,ifthereistoomuchlike,kitschtoo,ifnot,thereissuspicionofcheat.TheUnitedStatesmustbeinbetweenlikeanddonotlike,thatistosay,beautyisaveryerratic.Platon,thefirstphilosopherwhodiscussedbeautyinancienttimes,thoughtbeautywasasubjectiveidea.Thatistosay,beautyisnotanobjectivederivative.Hisstudent,Aristotle,madeadifferentpointofview.Aristotleholdsthatbeautyisobjectiveandbeautyisakindofharmonyofexternalobjects.Forexample,whenwesaythatapersonisbeautiful,hemusthavehowbighisheadis,howlonghislimbsareandhowhistrunkis.I'mafraidthatbeautyiscontainedinsuchaharmoniousrelationship.Philosophycontinuestodevelop,andallphilosophersarediscussingthequestionofbeauty.ByKantandHagel,thequestionofbeautywasonceagaintransformedintopureideas.So,isbeautyobjectiveorsubjective?
Whatisbeautyexactly?
Thewayphilosophersusedtotalk,Ithinkwecan'tsolvetheproblem,wecan'tdrawaconclusion.Let'smoveonthiswaytodayanddiscusswhatbeautyisfromadistance".
Two
Todiscusswhatbeautyis,wemustfirstfindoutwhat"perception"and"spirit"are,becausebeautyisamentalphenomenon,orapsychologicalreactioninmentalphenomena.Iftheoriginofthespiritisunclear,
Thequestionof"beauty"isoutofthequestion,ortheessenceofbeautyisoutofthequestion.
NowthatwearestartingtopullthesystematicscienceofthetwentiethCentury,weseemtofindanotherwaytodiscusstheprobleminphilosophy,orintheoriginofthemind.TheimportantdevelopmentofNaturalScienceintwentiethCenturydrewanimportantconclusion,namely,theconceptof"allthingsareoneline"and"allthingsarealike".Whatdoyoumeanby"everythinginoneline"?
Let'sgiveanexample,thefamousAmericanphysicistnamedGherman,whowasthediscovererofquarks,wontheNobelprizeforphysics."Everythingintheworldismadeupofquarksandelectrons,"hesaid."Butwhyistheresuchadifference?
"AstoneandaJaguar,forexample,areallquarksandelectrons,butwhyaretheresomanydifferentkindsofthings?
Thisisaquestionthatscientistscannotanswer,andeventheNobelprizewinnerscannotanswerthisquestion.ButthemostimportantthingabouttwentiethCenturyisthatpeoplefindthateverythingishomogeneous.Weusedtothinkthatthedifferencebetweenthingsandthingsisbecausetheycontaindifferentcontent,thatis,thematerialinherentmaterialisdifferent.Forexample,thedifferencebetweenatableandapersonisbecausetheintrinsicmaterialisdifferent,thisargumentdoesnotholdwater.Because,fundamentally,woodisexactlythesameasthebasicparticlesthataremadeofman.ThisproblemappearedasearlyasinancientGreece,andTelles,thefirstphilosopherinancientGreece,putforwardthequestion.Heleftonlyonesentence:
"wateristheoriginalofallthings."",
Inordertobecomethefirstinhumanhistorysages.Thissentenceiswrongandrightisnotimportant,hegaveanimportantreminderofancientGreece,theearliestphilosophersarequestioningtheoriginoftheworld,andthensuspectedthateverythingintheworldisessentiallyaproductofsomething.Aftermorethan100years,LeucippusandDemocritusproposed"atomictheory".Sofar,atomictheoryisstillattheforefrontofmodernphysics.Thatistosay,thateverythingintheworldiscomposedofthebasicelements,theideaistoputforward2500yearsagothephilosopher,andthefrontierofmodernphysicsinthestudyisstillthemostbasicproblem,althoughitisalreadybeyondtheatomicresearchintobasicparticles,butthephilosophersaidthattheatomictheoryisthebasictheparticlewastoday.Thewayinwhichphilosophydealswithproblemsattheendbecomestheforerunnerofscience.TheimportantdevelopmentofthetwentiethCenturyisthatinadditiontodiscoveringthesameorigin,itismoreimportanttodiscoverthatmaterialevolutionisageneralseries,namely,thewholebeing".ThediscoverybeginswithDarwin.InnineteenthCentury,afterDarwinputforwardthetheoryofbiologicalevolution,itwasrecognizedthat,atleastinthebiologicalcommunity,theevolutionofspeciesisagradualprocess,isaprocessofevolutionofasystem.BytwentiethCentury,theconclusionhadbeengreatlyexpanded.Ithasbeenfoundthattherehasbeenamolecularevolutionbeforeevolution,frominorganicsmallmoleculestoorganicmacromolecules,andeventobiologicalmacromolecules.ThemostfamousexperimentintheprocesswastheOparinexperimentin1953.Theothersputsomeverysimpleinorganicmoleculesandorganicmoleculesintoaflask,
SimulatingthestateoftheprimordialEarth,thelongpeptidechainsofproteinsaregraduallyderivedfromthesesmallinorganicmoleculesandorganicmoleculesundernaturalconditions.Theboundariesbetweenlifeandmoleculeswerefinallybroken.Then,intwentiethCentury,amajordiscoverywasthatlifewasultimatelyaseriesofmolecularcodes.Theemergenceofgenetictheoryhasfilledthegapbetweenmolecularexistenceandlife.Movingon,physicistsdiscoveredthatatomicevolutionwasbeforemolecularevolution.Forexample,aperiodictableofthechemicalelements,fromfirsthydrogenelementsofit,totheNo.ninety-seconduraniumelementsofit,thewholedevelopmentprocessofitinnature,intheuniverse,eveninthemodernsupernovaexplosiontheory,isalsoagradualprocessoftheformationof.Thisallowsustoseetheworldinanewlight.Theconceptof"homogeneityofallthings"proposedbytheancientGreekphilosophershasnotonlybeenprovedbymodernscience,butalsotransformedtheconceptof"homogeneity"intoanevolutionarysequence.
Talkingaboutaesthetics,whyshouldIstartfromhere?
Weneedtoseehowthespiritactuallyhappened.Becauseinthefinalanalysis,aestheticscannotbecompletelyseparatedfromspiritualactivities.
Wecanseesuchaphenomenon:
themoreprimitivematerialexistence,itsexistenceintheuniverseabundanceishigh,Yansavelonger,ismorestable;developmorespecies,italwaysexistsintheuniversethequalityis