Brazil.docx
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Brazil
1.Traffickingturnspeopleintomerchandise.Credit:
AmnestyInternational
May202013(IPS) -Incontraventionofinternationallaw,inBraziltraffickinginhumanbeingsremainsinvisibleandunpunished,whichencouragesthepracticeoftraffickingforsexualexploitation,forcedlabor,illegaladoptionandthetradeinhumanorgans,accordingtoexperts.
Locallawspunishdrugtraffickingmoreseverelythanhumantrafficking.Thesaleofdrugscarriespenaltiesofbetweenfiveand15years,whiletraffickingofpersonsforsexualexploitationispunishedwithamaximumsentenceofeightyears,withworkreleaseallowed.
Humantraffickingisstillaninvisiblecrime.Whatwehaveherenowisrealimpunity.Anaverageof1,000personsayeararerecruitedinBrazilandsentabroad,thepublicprosecutor’sofficesaidatapublichearingonTraffickinginpersons:
Prevention,repression,careofvictimsand(illegal)associations–thatitheldinthiscityonFriday,May17.
Thegoalwastogatherandshareinformationaboutcombatinghumantraffickingandtoorganizejointactiontopreventandcrackdownonthecrime.ThemeetingfocusedonBrazil’sroleasasourcecountryofvictimsforotherpartsoftheworld.
Brazilisalsoadestinationcountryforvictimsofhumantrafficking,andthereisinternaltraffickingofBraziliansforexploitationwithinthecountry’sbordersaswell.
RelatedIPSArticles
Inthelastthreeyears,3,000Braziliansweretransportedabroadandsubjectedmainlytosexualexploitationandslavelabor,participantsatthemeetingdescribed.
“Thisisasignificantnumber.Alargegroupofpeoplehavebeendeprivedoftheirdignity.Thethousandsofcasesdocumentedeveryyeardonotrepresentthetotal,becausewedonotknowhowmanycasesescapedournotice,”saidfederaldeputyattorney-generalRaquelEliasFerreiraDodge.
Theactualnumberofvictimssentabroadby humantraffickingrings isunknown,participantsatthemeetingagreed.
“Wehavetoworkmoreeffectivelysothatthesecrimesarecondemnedwithoutdelay.Thecrimeoftraffickinginpersonsinjureshumandignity,”saidDodge,whoisamemberoftheHigherCouncilofthefederalpublicprosecutor’soffice(MPF).
Shesaid,“Slavelabournegatesthepersonhoodoftheindividualandconvertsthevictimintomerchandisethatcanbesmuggledandtrafficked.”
ButhinderingthefightagainsthumantraffickinginBrazilisthefactthatitisonlyacrimewhenitleadstosexualexploitationorslavelabor,ErickBlatt,therepresentativeofthefederalpoliceinRiodeJaneiro,toldIPS.
“Itisveryhardtoidentifythecrime;investigationscanonlybeinitiatedonthebasisofreports,withoutthecertaintythatillegalitycanbeproved,”saidBlatt,whoisalsotherepresentativeofInterpol,theinternationalcriminalpoliceorganization,forthestateofRiodeJaneiro.
Moreover,whenitcomestointernationaltrafficking,“mostpeoplegovoluntarilytotheplacewheretheyareexploited:
themajoritydonotknowthattheirpassportsaregoingtobetakenaway,”hesaid.
TheInternationalOrganizationforMigration(IOM)defineshumantraffickingas“therecruitment,transportation,transfer,harboringorreceiptofpersons,bymeansofthethreatoruseofforceorotherformsofcoercion,forthepurposeofexploitation.”
Theformsofcoercioncitedare“abduction,fraud,deception,theabuseofpowerorofapositionofvulnerabilityorthegivingorreceivingofpaymentsorbenefitstoachievetheconsentofapersonhavingcontroloveranotherperson.”
Peoplesmuggling,ontheotherhand,islimitedtoprofitingfromcovertlytransportingmigrants,attheirrequest,fromonecountrytoanotherwherelegalentrywouldnormallybedeniedattheborder.Thisisillegal,butnodeceptionmaybeinvolved.
Article231ofBrazil’scriminalcodedefinesthecrimeofsexualexploitation,andarticle149describessubjectiontoslave-likeconditions.Bothcrimesarepunishedrelativelyleniently,withlightersentencesthanforotheroffences.
TheUnitedNationsConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime,adoptedin2000andratifiedbyBrazilin2003,specificallyidentifieshumantraffickingcrimesandproposeswide-rangingpunishments,whichBrazilhasstillnotincorporatedinitslaws.
“Wearegoingagainsttheflowofinternationallegislation.InBrazil,theissuehasbeeninadequatelytreated.Humantraffickingisacrimeagainsthumanitythatrobspeopleoftheirhumandignity,”JudgeBarroscomplained.
Hesaidthebestmeasuresforfightinghumantraffickingwerethosethatblocktheassetsofthetraffickingrings,inordertoattacktheireconomicflank.
Traffickinginpersonsisrunbycomplexinternationalcrimesyndicatesthat,inBrazil,recruitpoorwomenwhohavenoopportunitiesforabetterlife,lawyerMichelleGueraldioftheTramaProject,anumbrellagroupforNGOsthatcombathumantrafficking,toldIPS.
Thesewomenemigratevoluntarily,oftenoutofthedesiretoimprovetheirlives,andendupbeingexploitedinSpain,theUnitedStates,PortugalandCaribbeancountries,amongothers,shesaid.
BlattaddedthatBrazil,inturn,isadestinationcountryforwomenvictimsofhumantraffickingfromEasternEurope,especiallyHungaryandPoland.
“Traffickinginpersonsisaviolationofhumanrights.TheTramaProjectisworkingonpreventionandonvictimprotection.Wealsoreceivedenunciationsofcases,andwefindthatthemajorityofrecruitersarepersonsknowntoandtrustedbythevictims,”Gueraldisaid.
InFebruarytheBraziliangovernmentestablisheditsSecondPlantoCombatTraffickinginPersons,butthechallengeistoputthesepoliciesintopractice,shesaid.
BlattadmittedthattracingvictimsofhumantraffickingacrossbordersisdifficultforthelocalpoliceandforInterpol.
“IfcommunicationsbetweenthepoliceandtheprosecutorsareslowhereinBrazil,imaginewhatcommunicationsarelikebetweenpoliceforcesinternationally,”hesaid.
Humantraffickingisextremelylucrative.InEuropealoneitgeneratessome3.2billiondollarsayear,accordingtospeakersatthemeeting.
TheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)saysthereareatleast2.5millionvictimsofhumantraffickingworldwide.AsurveybyUNODCfoundthat58percentofrespondentswerevictimsofsexualexploitationand36percentofslavelabor.
2.BrazilAnnouncesNewAnti-HumanTraffickingMeasures
Brazilhasannouncedathree-yearplantocombathumantrafficking,includingtougherbordercontrolsandarevisionofthepenalcode,inacountrywhereforcedlaborisbelievedtoaffecttensofthousandsofpeople.
TheBraziliangovernmentplanstoinvest almost$3millionintocreatingtennewcontrolpostsinbordertowns,whichwillaimtoprovidevictims’services,andthetrainingof400staff.Thepenalcodewillalsobereformedtocriminalizetheillegaladoptionofchildren,organextraction,andforcedlabor.
"Brazildoesnotwanttosee itspeopletrafficked,exploited,nordoesitwanttobeaplacewhereLatinAmericanorAfricanimmigrantsareexploited,"saidHumanRightsSecretaryMariadeRosario.
ThenewprojectagainsthumantraffickingisthesecondnationalplanofthedecadeinBrazilandwilllastuntil2016. Thefirstnationalplan wasimplementedbetween2008and2010.
InSightCrimeAnalysis
Onequestioniswhetherbycommitting$3milliontonewborderchecks,Brazilisinvestingenoughresourcestomakeadentintheproblem.Thecountryseesasignificantnumberofpeopletraffickedabroad:
areportreleasedlastyear bytheBrazilianMinistryofJusticesaid nearly500Brazilianvictimsofhumantraffickingwereidentifiedasleavingthecountrybetween2005and2011,withmorethan70percentofthosecasesbeingsexualexploitation.MostofthesexualexploitationcaseswerefoundinSuriname,whichisusedasatransitcountryfortraffickingvictimstotheNetherlands.
Itisalsoworthquestioningwhetherthereformstothepenalcodewillresultinahighernumberofsuccessfulprosecutionsrelatedtothecrime. AsnotedbytheUSStateDepartment,Brazilianlawsalreadyprohibitmostformsofhumantrafficking--however,during2011therewerenoprosecutionsofinternalsextrafficking,andinvestigationsinto67reportsoftransnationalsextraffickingresultedinjusttwoconvictions.
Meanwhile,justsevenconvictionsweresecuredrelatedtoslavelaborcases.SlavelaborisaparticularprobleminBrazil,estimatedtoaffectupto40,000people, accordingtonon-governmentalorganization(NGO)CatholicReliefServices.Whilethenewnationalanti-humantraffickingplanisalsointendedtocrackdownonslavelaborrecruitment,again,oneofthemostsignificantchallengeswillbeensuringthatslavelaborcasesactuallyendwithconvictionsincourt.SlavelaborinBrazilislinkedtopowerfulfinancialinterests,andthusfarthejudicialsystemhasnotprovedtobeaneffectivetoolincombatingtheproblem.
3.ReportsofHumanTraffickingRiseDramaticallyInBrazil
ThenumberofreportsofhumantraffickinginBrazil hasrisen1,500percentin2013,accordingtogovernmentfigures,indicatinganincreasedawarenessofacrime,whichremainsamajorprobleminthecountry.
The SecretariatofWomen'sPoliciesannounced adedicatedgovernmentreportinghotlinehadregistered263allegationsofthecrimeduringthefirstsixmonthsoftheyear,comparedto17overthesameperiodin2012.
Ofthose263cases,170werereportsofinternationalhumantrafficking,while90relatedtocasesinsideBrazil.Mostoftheinternationalreportswereofsextrafficking,while42wereaccusationsoflabortraffickingand2oforgantrafficking.Ofthedomesticreports,64wereofsextrafficking,25wereo