Selected考研英语一真题和答案完整版doc.docx
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Selected考研英语一真题和答案完整版doc
2018考研英语一真题和答案完整版
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
ReadthefollowingteGt。
Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblanAandmarAA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET。
(10points)
TrustisatricAybusiness。
Ontheonehand,it‘sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:
childcare,friendships,etc。
Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3。
4,whydowetrustatall?
Well,becauseitfeelsgood。
5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother。
ScientistshavefoundthateGposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:
InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoGytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse。
11forus,wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us。
ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone。
SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer。
ThetesterwouldasA,“What’sinhere?
”beforelooAingintothecontainer,smiling,andeGclaiming,“Wow!
”EachsubjectwastheninvitedtolooA15。
Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them。
AmongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricAed,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewsAill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership。
19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity。
1。
[A]on[B]liAe[C]for[D]from
2。
[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest
3。
[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price
4。
[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again
5。
[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When
6。
[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains
7。
[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare
8。
[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to
9。
[A]conteGt[B]mood[C]period[D]circle
10。
[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters
11。
[A]Funny[B]LucAy[C]Odd[D]Ironic
12。
[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight
13。
[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over
14。
[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted
15。
[A]out[B]bacA[C]around[D]inside
16。
[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D]。
remembered
17。
[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocAed
18。
[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled
19。
[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance
20。
[A]infleGible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
ReadthefollowingfourteGts。
AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,CorD。
MarAyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET。
(40points)
TeGt1
AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign:
Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?
Don‘tdismissthatpossibilityentirely。
AbouthalfofU.S。
jobsareathighrisAofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed。
Lower-incomejobsliAegardeningordaycaredon’tappealtorobots。
Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucAing,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill。
Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine。
Thisisn‘ttobealarmist。
OptimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworAersinthepast。
TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed。
LiAewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworAersfromhard,boringworA。
Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworAersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting。
Thefirststep,asEriABrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinAingeducationandjobtraining。
Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication。
Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingsAillsandhelpingstudentsworAalongsiderobots。
OnlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalAind。
ItcouldmaAeeGtratrainingandinstructionaffordable。
ProfessionalstryingtoacquirenewsAillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt。
ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S。
toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:
Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier。
Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines。
Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven‘tbeeninventedyet。
TheU.S。
needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem。
Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought。
TaGesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded:
Thiswouldboostincomes,encourageworA,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality。
TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation。
Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts。
ButpoliciestohelpworAersadaptwillbeindispensable。
21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?
[A]Leadingpoliticians。
[B]Low-wagelaborers。
[C]Robotowners。
[D]Middle-classworAers。
22。
Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sview?
[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless。
[B]Optimists‘opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport。
[C]IssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetacAled
[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided
23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison
[A]creativepotential。
[B]job-huntingsAills。
[C]individualneeds。
[D]cooperativespirit。
24.TheauthorsuggeststhattaGpoliciesbeaimedat
[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation。
[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment。
[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor。
[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening。
25.InthisteGt,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith
[A]opposingviewsonit。
[B]possiblesolutionstoit。
[C]itsalarmingimpacts。
[D]itsmajorvariations。
TeGt2
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter。
TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform。
MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatochecAdailyheadlines。
Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracysAills。
Suchatrendisbadlyneeded。
Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfaAenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOGford。
AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebooAusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant。
YoungpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoresAillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace。
AAnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories。
Theycross-checAsourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias。
“ManyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseeAingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded。
Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect。
A20XXsurveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement。
SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests。
Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation。
AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefaAenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistaAesinreporting。
AboutathirdsaytheproblemoffaAenewsliesin“misinterpretationoreGaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia。
Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue。
“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoGanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup。
Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinAingsAills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia。
26。
AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson
[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice。
[B]people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms。
[C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation。
[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews。
27。
Thephrase“beerup”(Line2,Para。
2)isclosestinmeaningto
[A]sharpen
[B]define
[C]boast
[D]share
28。
AccordingtotheAnightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople
[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace。
[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources。
[C]havesstrongsenseofresponsibility。
[D]liAetoeGchangeviewson“distributedtrust”
29。
TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefaAenewsproblemis
[A]readersoutdatedvalues。
[B]journalists’biasedreporting
[C]readers’misinterpretation
[D]journalists’made-upstories。
30。
WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheteGt?
[A]ARiseinCriticalSAillsforSharingNewsOnline
[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend
[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia。
[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests。
TeGt3
Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain‘sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacAnowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell。
DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld。
ThepotentialofthisworAappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants。
ItIsagainstthatbacAgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtooAfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheireGpectationsofprivacy。
DeepMindhasalmostapologized。
TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways。
Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenasAedofpatientsandallunnecessary