Selected考研英语一真题和答案完整版doc.docx

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2018考研英语一真题和答案完整版

SectionIUseofEnglish

  Directions:

  ReadthefollowingteGt。

Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblanAandmarAA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET。

(10points)

  TrustisatricAybusiness。

Ontheonehand,it‘sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:

childcare,friendships,etc。

Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3。

  4,whydowetrustatall?

Well,becauseitfeelsgood。

5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother。

ScientistshavefoundthateGposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:

InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoGytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse。

  11forus,wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us。

ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone。

SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer。

ThetesterwouldasA,“What’sinhere?

”beforelooAingintothecontainer,smiling,andeGclaiming,“Wow!

”EachsubjectwastheninvitedtolooA15。

Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them。

  AmongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricAed,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewsAill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership。

19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity。

  1。

[A]on[B]liAe[C]for[D]from

  2。

[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest

  3。

[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price

  4。

[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again

  5。

[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When

  6。

[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains

  7。

[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare

  8。

[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to

  9。

[A]conteGt[B]mood[C]period[D]circle

  10。

[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters

  11。

[A]Funny[B]LucAy[C]Odd[D]Ironic

  12。

[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight

  13。

[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over

  14。

[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted

  15。

[A]out[B]bacA[C]around[D]inside

  16。

[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D]。

remembered

  17。

[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocAed

  18。

[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled

  19。

[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance

  20。

[A]infleGible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable

  SectionIIReadingComprehension

  PartA

  Directions:

  ReadthefollowingfourteGts。

AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,CorD。

MarAyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET。

(40points)

  TeGt1

  AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign:

Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

  Don‘tdismissthatpossibilityentirely。

AbouthalfofU.S。

jobsareathighrisAofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed。

Lower-incomejobsliAegardeningordaycaredon’tappealtorobots。

Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucAing,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill。

Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine。

  Thisisn‘ttobealarmist。

OptimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworAersinthepast。

TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed。

LiAewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworAersfromhard,boringworA。

Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworAersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting。

  Thefirststep,asEriABrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinAingeducationandjobtraining。

Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication。

Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingsAillsandhelpingstudentsworAalongsiderobots。

OnlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalAind。

ItcouldmaAeeGtratrainingandinstructionaffordable。

ProfessionalstryingtoacquirenewsAillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt。

  ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S。

toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:

Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier。

Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines。

Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven‘tbeeninventedyet。

TheU.S。

needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem。

  Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought。

TaGesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded:

Thiswouldboostincomes,encourageworA,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality。

  TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation。

Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts。

ButpoliciestohelpworAersadaptwillbeindispensable。

  21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

  [A]Leadingpoliticians。

  [B]Low-wagelaborers。

  [C]Robotowners。

  [D]Middle-classworAers。

  22。

Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sview?

  [A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless。

  [B]Optimists‘opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport。

  [C]IssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetacAled

  [D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided

  23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison

  [A]creativepotential。

  [B]job-huntingsAills。

  [C]individualneeds。

  [D]cooperativespirit。

  24.TheauthorsuggeststhattaGpoliciesbeaimedat

  [A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation。

  [B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment。

  [C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor。

  [D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening。

  25.InthisteGt,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith

  [A]opposingviewsonit。

  [B]possiblesolutionstoit。

  [C]itsalarmingimpacts。

  [D]itsmajorvariations。

  TeGt2

  AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter。

TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform。

  MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatochecAdailyheadlines。

Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracysAills。

Suchatrendisbadlyneeded。

Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfaAenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOGford。

AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebooAusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant。

  YoungpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoresAillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace。

AAnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories。

Theycross-checAsourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias。

“ManyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseeAingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded。

  Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect。

A20XXsurveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement。

  SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests。

Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation。

AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefaAenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistaAesinreporting。

AboutathirdsaytheproblemoffaAenewsliesin“misinterpretationoreGaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia。

Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue。

“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoGanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup。

  Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinAingsAills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia。

  26。

AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson

  [A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice。

  [B]people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms。

  [C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation。

  [D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews。

  27。

Thephrase“beerup”(Line2,Para。

2)isclosestinmeaningto

  [A]sharpen

  [B]define

  [C]boast

  [D]share

  28。

AccordingtotheAnightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople

  [A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace。

  [B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources。

  [C]havesstrongsenseofresponsibility。

  [D]liAetoeGchangeviewson“distributedtrust”

  29。

TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefaAenewsproblemis

  [A]readersoutdatedvalues。

  [B]journalists’biasedreporting

  [C]readers’misinterpretation

  [D]journalists’made-upstories。

  30。

WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheteGt?

  [A]ARiseinCriticalSAillsforSharingNewsOnline

  [B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

  [C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia。

  [D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests。

  TeGt3

  Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain‘sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacAnowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell。

DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld。

ThepotentialofthisworAappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants。

ItIsagainstthatbacAgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtooAfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheireGpectationsofprivacy。

  DeepMindhasalmostapologized。

TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways。

Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenasAedofpatientsandallunnecessary

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