Selected考研英语一真题和答案完整版doc.docx

1、Selected考研英语一真题和答案完整版doc2018考研英语一真题和答案完整版SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：ReadthefollowingteGt。Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblanAandmarAA，B，CorDontheANSWERSHEET。（10points）TrustisatricAybusiness。Ontheonehand，itsanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings：childcare，friendships，etc。Ontheotherhand，putt

2、ingyour2，inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3。4，whydowetrustatall？Well，becauseitfeelsgood。5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution，theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin，ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother。ScientistshavefoundthateGposure8thisho

3、rmoneputsusinatrusting9：InaSwissstudy，researcherssprayedoGytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects；thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse。11forus，wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us。ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas1

4、4monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone。SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer。ThetesterwouldasA，“Whatsinhere？”beforelooAingintothecontainer，smiling，andeGclaiming，“Wow！”EachsubjectwastheninvitedtolooA15。Halfofthemfoundatoy；theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-a

5、ndrealizedthetesterhad17them。AmongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricAed，themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewsAill，demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership。19，onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity。1。AonBliAeCforDfrom2。AfaithBconcernCattentionDint

6、erest3。AbenefitBdebtChopeDprice4。AThereforeBThenCInsteadDAgain5。AUntilBUnlessCAlthoughDWhen6。AselectsBproducesCappliesDmaintains7。AconsultBcompeteCconnectDcompare8。AatBbyCofDto9。AconteGtBmoodCperiodDcircle10。AcounterpartsBsubstitutesCcolleaguesDsupporters11。AFunnyBLucAyCOddDIronic12。AmonitorBprotect

7、CsurpriseDdelight13。AbetweenBwithinCtowardDover14。AtransferredBaddedCintroducedDentrusted15。AoutBbacACaroundDinside16。AdiscoveredBprovedCinsistedD。remembered17。AbetrayedBwrongedCfooledDmocAed18。AforcedBwillingChesitantDentitled19。AIncontrastBAsaresultCOnthewholeDForinstance20。AinfleGibleBincapableCu

8、nreliableDunsuitableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：ReadthefollowingfourteGts。AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA，B，CorD。MarAyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET。（40points）TeGt1AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign：Wh

9、athappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs？Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely。AbouthalfofU.S。jobsareathighrisAofbeingautomated，accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy，withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed。Lower-incomejobsliAegardeningordaycaredontappealtorobots。Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucAing

10、，financialadvice，softwareengineeringhavearousedtheirinterest，orsoonwill。Therichowntherobots，sotheywillbefine。Thisisnttobealarmist。OptimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworAersinthepast。TheIndustrialRevolutiondidntgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms，butiteventua

11、llyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed。LiAewise，automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity，stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices，andfreeworAersfromhard，boringworA。Butinthemediumterm，middle-classworAersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting。Thefirststep，asEriABrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTh

12、eSecondMachineAge，shouldberethinAingeducationandjobtraining。Curriculumsfromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication。Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingsAillsandhelpingstudentsworAalongsiderobots。Onlineeducatio

13、ncansupplementthetraditionalAind。ItcouldmaAeeGtratrainingandinstructionaffordable。ProfessionalstryingtoacquirenewsAillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt。ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S。toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism：Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier。Inpreviouser

14、asofdrastictechnologicalchange，entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines。Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaventbeeninventedyet。TheU.S。needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem。Finally，becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome，taG

15、esandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought。TaGesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut，andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded：Thiswouldboostincomes，encourageworA，rewardcompaniesforjobcreation，andreduceinequality。TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewyears，yetthiswillbeli

16、ttlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation。Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts。ButpoliciestohelpworAersadaptwillbeindispensable。21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation？ALeadingpoliticians。BLow-wagelaborers。CRobotowners。DMiddle-classworAers。22。Whichofthefollow

17、ingbestrepresenttheauthorsview？AWorriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless。BOptimistsopinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport。CIssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetacAledDNegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided23.EducationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasisonAcreativepotential。Bjob-huntingsAills。Cin

18、dividualneeds。Dcooperativespirit。24.TheauthorsuggeststhattaGpoliciesbeaimedatAencouragingthedevelopmentofautomation。Bincreasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment。Ceasingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor。Dpreventingtheincomegapfromwidening。25.InthisteGt，theauthorpresentsaproblemwithAopposingviewsonit。Bpossibl

19、esolutionstoit。Citsalarmingimpacts。Ditsmajorvariations。TeGt2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrumpsuseofTwitter。TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource，Notapresidentssocialmediaplatform。MostAmeri

20、cansrelyonsocialmediatochecAdailyheadlines。Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia，peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracysAills。Suchatrendisbadlyneeded。Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign，nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfaAenews，accordingtothe

21、UniversityofOGford。AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebooAusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant。YoungpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoresAillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace。AAnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“

22、distributedtrust”toverifystories。Theycross-checAsourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespeciallythosethatareopenaboutanybias。“ManyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseeAingoutopposingviewpoints，”thesurveyconcluded。Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanoth

23、ereffect。A20XXsurveyconductedinAustralia，Britain，andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeoplesrelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement。SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoft

24、heirvaluesandinterests。Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation。AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefaAenewsphenomenonis“readererror，”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistaAesinreporting。AboutathirdsaytheproblemoffaAenewsliesin“misinterpretat

25、ionoreGaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia。Inotherwords，thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue。“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem，”saysRoGanneStone，editorinchiefatBarnaGroup。Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident，theyreveala

26、mentaldisciplineinthinAingsAillsandintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia。26。AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2，manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtsonAthejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice。Bpeoplespreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms。Ctheadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation。Dsocialmediawasareliablesour

27、ceofnews。27。Thephrase“beerup”（Line2，Para。2）isclosestinmeaningtoAsharpenBdefineCboastDshare28。AccordingtotheAnightfoundationsurvey，youngpeopleAtendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace。Bverifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources。Chavesstrongsenseofresponsibility。DliAetoeGchangeviewson“distributedtrust”29。The

28、BarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefaAenewsproblemisAreadersoutdatedvalues。BjournalistsbiasedreportingCreadersmisinterpretationDjournalistsmade-upstories。30。WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheteGt？AARiseinCriticalSAillsforSharingNewsOnlineBACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendCTheAccu

29、mulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia。DThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests。TeGt3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritainsNationalHealthService（NHS）andDeepMindmuststartbyacAnowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell。DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence（AI）companiesintheworld。

30、ThepotentialofthisworAappliedtohealthcareisverygreat，butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants。ItIsagainstthatbacAgroundthattheinformationcommissioner，ElizabethDenham，hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS，whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6mi

31、llionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtooAfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheireGpectationsofprivacy。DeepMindhasalmostapologized。TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways。Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenasAedofpatientsandallunnecessary