全国高中学生化学竞赛基本内容.docx

全国高中学生化学竞赛基本内容.docx

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全国高中学生化学竞赛基本内容

全国高中学生化学竞赛基本内容（BasiccontentofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstudentsinChina）

Thenationalhighschoolstudentchemistrycompetitionbasiccontent.Txt,therealgoodfriendisnottogetherhasthetopicwhichcannotsay,butistogether,evenifdoesnotspeak,willnotfeelembarrassed.Whenyoulookatotherpeople,youarealsothesceneryinotherpeople'seyes.Theroadtotomorrowmustremembertheroadthatwewalkedyesterdayandtheroadwearewalkingtoday.BasiccontentofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstudentsinChina

The1.nationalchemistrycontestofseniorhighschoolstudents（preliminarydivisioncontest）andfinal（winter）twostages,plusthewinterafterthenationalteamplayersqualifyinginthreestages.Thebasiccontentsofthepreliminaryandfinalexaminationreflectsthenationallevel,isthebasisoftheexaminationproposition.Theselectionofthenationalteam'sathletesshallbebasedonthepreparationoftheInternationalChemistryOlympiadintheyear.

2.thecurrentmiddleschoolchemistryteachingrequirementsandcontentsarepreliminaryexaminationshowsthatthecontentoftheprovisions.Aconsistentlevelofcontentknowledgeinpreliminaryprincipletofull-timehighschoolchemistrytextbookpublishedbypeople'seducationpress,butforsomeofthechemicalprincipleofthequantitativerelationship,materialstructure,solidchemistryandorganicchemistryandothersupplements,ingeneral,supplementarycontentisthenaturalgrowthpointinchemicalcontent.Thepreliminaryrequirementsofknowledgeinordertoachieveinternationalchemicaldescriptivechemistrycontestoutlinelevelasthestandard,theoutlineofthetwoorthreelevelsofknowledgearenotrequiredintheapplicationofmemorybasedon.

Thebasiccontentofthefinal3.isproperlybasedonthebasiccontentsofpreliminaries,descriptivechemistryknowledgeprincipletoreachtheinternationalleveltwolevelofknowledgeofchemistrycontestsyllabusforthedegree,theoutlineofthethreelevelsofknowledgearenotrequiredintheapplicationofmemorybasedon.

4.,payattentiontotheintersectionandinterpenetrationofchemicalknowledgeandnonchemicalknowledge,buttherequirementsofmathematicsandphysicsknowledgeshouldnotexceedtherequirementsofmiddleschoolsyllabus.

5.basiccontent,ifnecessary,willbeadjustedandannouncedinmidAugust2001.

Thebasiccontentofthepreliminaries

1.theconceptandapplicationofeffectivenumbers.Correctuseofeffectivefiguresinchemicalandchemicalexperiments.Quantitativeinstrument（analyticalbalance,cylinder,pipettes,burettes,flasketc.）theeffectivenumberofprecisionandmeasuringdata.Thevalidnumberoftheresultoftheoperation.

2.idealgasstandardcondition.Idealgasequationofstate.Gasdensity.Determinationofrelativemolecularmassofgases.Gassolubility.Lawofpartialpressure.

3.solutionconcentration,solidsolutionandcalculation.Solutionpreparation（selectionofinstrumentsbasedontheaccuracyofconcentration）.Estimationoftheamountofpurificationbyrecrystallization.Selectionofwashingliquidandselectionofwashingmethodinwashingoperation.Thelawofsolvent（includingmixedsolvent）similaritywithsolutes.

4.basicconceptsoftitrimetricanalysis-analytes,standardsolutions,indicators,titrationreactions,etc..Calculationoftitrationresults.Qualitativerelationshipbetweenthetitrationcurveandtheconceptofsuddenrise（acidbasestrength,concentration,andsolventpolarity）.Quantitativecalculationoftitrationcurveisnotrequired.BasicprinciplesofpHcalculationandselectionofcommonacid-basetitrationindicators.CalculatedbyPotassiumPermanganate,potassiumdichromate,sodiumthiosulfate,EDTAtitrationanalysisresultsasthestandardsolution.

5.atomicstructurethepossiblespacestateofanouternuclearelectron.S,PandDareusedtoindicatethegroundstatestructure（includingneutralatoms,positiveionsandnegativeions）（notrequiringtheinterpretationoftheenergylevelinterleavinganddistribution）;quantumnumbers,wavefunctions,imagesarenotrequired.Generalconceptsofionizationenergy,electronaffinity,andelectronegativity.

The6.elementsoftheperiodiclawandtheperiodicsystemchangesingeneralnatureofthemaingroupandsubgroup,congenersfromtoptobottom;theconceptofS,D,DS,P,f;positionsofelementsintheperiodictableandthenuclearouterelectronicstructure（electronnumber,valenceelectronlayerandvalenceelectronnumber）therelationshipbetweenpriceandfamily;thehighestnumber;diagonalrule;metalandnonmetalandtherelationbetweenthelocationoftheperiodictable.Metalandnonmetalintheperiodictableposition;halfmetal;primaryandsecondarygroup（firstseries）andimportantnames,commonelements,symbolsandtheirpositionsintheperiodictableandthemainformofcommonvalence.

Seven

Molecularstructures:

Lewis,structural（Electronic）andformalcharges.Predictionofthethree-dimensionalstructureofsimplemolecules（includingions）byvalenceelectronpairrepulsionmodel.Thetheoryofhybridorbitalsexplainsthethree-dimensionalstructureofsimplemolecules（includingions）.Covalentbonds,[p-p,PIbonds,（S-S,S-P,P-P）,sigmabondsandP-PlargePIbonds]formconditions,bondenergies,bondangles,saturationanddirectionality.Thegeneralconceptofconjugate（ordelocalization）.

8.complexes:

thebasicconceptsofcomplexes（complexes）andcomplexions（coordinationions）.Thecenterofimportantandcommonioncomplexions（atoms）andtheimportantandcommonions（water,hydroxyl,halogenions,pseudohalideions,ammoniamolecules,ions,NO,COetc.）,thecomplexationreactionofcomplexingagentimportantandcommonandimportantandcommon.Qualitativedescriptionoftherelationbetweencomplexationandacidbasereactions,precipitationreactions,andredoxreactions（notrequiredbycalculation）.Basicconceptsofspacestructureandgeometricisomerismofcomplexes.Thebasicconceptsofthehybridizationorbitaltheoryofcomplexes.Memorymagneticmomentcalculationformulaisnotrequired.Thebasicconceptsofcrystalfieldandligandfieldtheoryarenotrequired.

9.intermolecularforce.Theorderofmagnitudeoftheintermolecularinteractionenergy（doesnotrequiredecompositionintoorientationalforce,inducedforce,dispersiveforce）.Hydrogenbond.Conditionsfortheformationofhydrogenbonds.Hydrogenbondenergy.Relationshipbetweenhydrogenbondandphysicalproperties.

10.crystalstructure:

thebasicconceptofcell.Basicconceptsofcellatomiccoordinates.Calculationofthenumberofatomsorthenumberofmoleculesinacellanditsrelationtothechemicalformula.Basicconceptsofelementarycellandcomplexcell（body,core,heart,andcore）.Thebasicconceptsofmolecularcrystals,atomiccrystals,ioniccrystalsandmetalliccrystals.Selectionofcrystalcell,crystalsystemconceptandseveraltypicaltwoelementioniccrystals.

11.chemicalequilibrium:

thebasicconceptofequilibriumconstant.Qualitativerelationshipbetweenacid-basebalanceconstantandacidbasestrength.Thebasicconceptofsolubilityproduct.Simplecalculationsusingequilibriumconstants.Calculationofelectricalneutrality,materialbalance,andnorequirementforprotonconditions.

12.correctwritingandbalancingofionicequations.

13.electrochemistry:

thebasicconceptsofoxidationreductionandthewritingandtrimmingofreactions.Galvaniccell:

electrodesymbolandelectrodereaction,galvaniccellsign,galvaniccellreaction.Thebasicconceptofstandardelectrodepotentialisusedtodeterminethedirectionofreactionandthestrengthofoxidantandreductant.Batterysymbolsandelectrodereactionsinanelectrolyticbath.Basicconceptsofelectrolysisandelectroplating.Commonchemicalpowersource.QualitativedescriptionoftheeffectsofpH,complexingagents,andprecipitationagents（donotrequireNernstequations,redoxequilibriumconstants,andrelatedcalculations）.

14.elementchemistryknowledgetointernationalcompetitionlevel1knowledgelevel.Twoorthreelevelsofknowledgedonotrequirememory.

15.knowledgeoforganicchemistry,level1ininternationalcompetition.Twoorthreelevelsofknowledgedonotrequirememory.

Basiccontentoffinals

1.atomicstructureincreasesfourquantumnumbersandatomicorbitalwavefunctioninthepreliminarybasis（plustheangledistributionimageands,P,Dimagetrackname）.

The2.increaseinthebasicconceptofmolecularstructureinthepreliminarycontentbasedonmolecularorbital.Bondlevelconcept.Explanationoftheparamagneticpropertyofoxygenbymolecularorbitaltheory.Memorymolecularorbitalenergyleveldiagramisnotrequired.

3.crystalstructures:

basicconceptsofstructuralprimitivesandlattices.Thebasicconceptsofenthalpiesofformation,formationfreeenergiesandlattices,14latticetypes,densedeposits（A1,A2,A3andA4）andabulkinterstitialmodel.

4.fundamentalsofchemicalthermodynamics--conceptsofthermodynamics,energy,enthalpy,freeenergy,andentropy.Enthalpiesofformation,freeenergiesofformation,standardentropies,andrelatedcalculations.Freeenergyanddirectionofreaction.GibbsHelmholtzequationanditsapplication.FantHuffisothermalequationanditsapplication.Standardfreeenergyandequilibriumconstant.Afunctionoftheequilibriumconstanttotemperature.Thermochemicalcycle.Thermodynamicdecompositionoftemperature（bothstandardandnonstandardStates）theeffectofpressureondecompositiontemperature.

5.fundamentalsofchemicalkinetics--basicc