装载机中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

装载机中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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装载机中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

英文原文

Reality-drivenvirtualwheelloaderoperation

Abstract:

Virtualprototyping（VP）toolsenableustoinvestigate,explore,andcommunicatetheperformanceandbehaviorofanevolvingproductandthusreducethenumberofphysicalprototypesneeded.Finiteelement（FE）andmultibodysimulation（MBS）toolsarefrequentlyusedforvirtualprototypinginmechanicalengineeringtoday.Thesetoolscaneffectivelysupporttheprocessofproblemidentification,conceptverification,anddetailedoptimization.

TheindustrialuseofVPtoolscanbeenhancedbydevelopingmethodsthatsupportsituatedmodeling,efficientsimulation,andvisualizationbasedonvirtual

reality（VR）technology.InthispaperwehaveconcentratedonthedevelopmentofmethodsforinversemodelingandVRanimation.

Themethodpresentedisillustratedbyasimulationandvisualizationofinternaldynamicforcesinawheelloaderwhenexcavatinggranulatedmaterialsuchasgravelorseed.

Keywords:

Virtualprototyping,inversemodeling,FE,

MBS,visualization

1-Introduction

Virtualreality（VR）toolsoffernewpossibilitiesforproductdevelopment,includingsimulation,skillstraining,andcommunicationwithdistributedcolleagues[1].Virtual

prototyping（VP）usesVRtechnologytoinvestigateandexploreaproductbeforeitismanufactured.TheaimofVPistoreducethenumberofphysicalprototypesneededandthussavebothtimeandmoney.Finiteelement（FE）andmultibodysimulation（MBS）toolsarecommonlyusedforvirtualprototypinginmechanicalengineeringtoday.Thesetoolscanprovideeffectivesupportfortheprocessofverifyingformulatedrequirements.Forexample,theycanbeusedtoevaluateandselectalternativesolutionsorasafinalcheckoroptimizationofasolutionconcept.Theuse

ofVPtoolsisevenmoreeffectiveiftheyaresupportedbyaninformationframeworkforhandlingtheinformationcreatedduringtheverificationprocess.EffectiveuseofVPtoolsrequiresintegrationofmethodsandmodels.Integrationcanbeachievedbyusingvarioustypesofframeworks,suchasproductlifecyclemanagement（PLM）systemsorextendedPLMsystems,inwhichsomemodelscansharedataorbeassociatedwitheachother,asinCAD-FEmodels.AnapproachtosucharesearchframeworkisdescribedintheMOSAICproject（e.g.[2]）and[3]）whichhasbeenfurtherdevelopedintheVISPproject（e.g.,[4],[5]and[6]）.Oneinterestingresearchareathattheseframeworksalsoaddressishowtocapturenotonlythedatabutalsotheknowledgethatisgeneratedduringadevelopmentprojectsothatitcanbere-usedinanotherprojectorusedtoexplainchangesinanexistingproduct.Thisresearchareaalsodealswithtraceability（i.e.,howtofindinformationcreatedearlier）;designrationale（i.e.,thereasonforacertaindesignshapeordesigndecision）;anddecisionsupport（i.e.,theuseofoneormoremethodstodrawaconclusionbasedonthestoredstructureofinformation–i.e.,formalknowledge–thatispresentedtotheuser）.

2-Research

TheresearchpresentedinthispaperwasundertakenincollaborationwithVolvoConstructionEquipment（VolvoCE）,whichsuppliedtheindustrialproblemandenvironment.VolvoCEalsocontributedmodelsandrealisticdataaboutworkingconditions.AllotherresearchwasperformedatKTHintheDepartmentofMachine

Design.

2.1-VolvoConstructionEquipment（VolvoCE）

VolvoCEisoneoftheworld’sleadingproducersofconstructionmachines,withaproductrangethatincludeswheelloaders,excavators,articulatedhaulers,andmotorgraders.TheVolvowheelloadersaredesignedandmanufacturedonfourcontinents.ThenewrangeofVolvowheelloadersusesmoderntechnology,suchasloadsensinghydraulics,serviceaccessibility,TP-linkage,theCareCab,automaticpowershift,andhigh-performanceandlow-emissionenginestocombineincreasedperformancewithimprovedoperatorcomfortandreducedenvironmentalimpact.

Figure1:

AwheelloaderfromVolvoCE[7]

Becausewheelloadersareheavilyloadedduringnormaloperation,accuratepredictionofstrengthandfatigueisahighpriority.Moreover,becausemachinescanbecustomizedforspecificoperations,therequiredperformanceandbehaviorofeachcustomizedloaderisunique.Consequently,thebehaviorofthecompletesystemmustbeconsideredwhenstudyingthestrengthandreliabilityofthecomponents,andthebehaviorofthecomponentsconstrainstheperformanceandreliabilityofthesystem.

2.2-Researchfocus

AtVolvoCEahighlysystematicprocedurebasedonphysicalandvirtualtestingisusedtopredictthestrengthandfatiguelifeofindividualcomponents.However,itisconsideredstrategicallyimportanttoimprovetheabilitytostudythevirtualbehaviorofasystemofcomponentsorsubsystems,orinotherwords,thebehaviorofmorecompletevehicles.AfirststepinthatdirectionistoexpandandintegratetheuseofexistingMBSandFEtools.

Oneinterestingresearchchallengeistodevelopamethodologythatsupportsmodelingofcomponentsandsubsystemsandenablesreuseofmodelsfordifferentanalyses.Inconsideringthisproblem,wewillconcentrateontheuseofFEandMBSmodels.AnotherimportantissueishowtoassembleMBSsystemmodelsthatneedtohaveelasticcomponents（whichwecanimportfromFEmodels）inordertoenablehigh-qualitysimulationsofcompletevehicledynamicsbehavior,aswellasoperatorcomfortrelatedtonoiseandvibration.

Thedevelopmentofcomplexproductsrequiressimultaneousconsiderationofseveralaspectsanddrawsonamultitudeofcompetencies.Itisthusimportantthatanymethodologydevelopedshouldalsoincludesuitablewaystopresentandcommunicatesimulationresults.Webelievethatanimationofmotiongeometryandpropertygraphsaswellasscaledforceandtorquearrowscanbeanimportantcomplementtomoretraditionalmeansofcommunication.

2.3-Researchrealization

Theresearchreportedherefocusesontheevaluationandverificationofdesignconceptsthattakesplacecontinuouslyanditerativelyduringthedesignprocess.Our

approachtothisresearchtopichasbeentotreatitaspartofthedesignprocess.Theevaluationprocesscanbecharacterizedasanexploratoryprocessthatisbuiltaround

questionsandanswersuntilallprincipaluncertaintyaboutaconcepthasbeenrevealed（i.e.,thecomplexityismanaged）.

Themodelingapproachthathasbeenchosenisasystemsapproach,inwhichpartsaretreatedassubsystemsthatcanbeconnectedatspecificconnectionpoints.The

configurationofthesystemmodelstobesimulatedisthenapartoftheevaluationprocess.Theworkpresentedherecenteredonanindustrialapplication,namelyawheelloaderfromVolvoCEperformingadiggingoperationinapileofgranulatedmaterial.Thisapplicationhasbeenusedtoguidetheresearchaswehavesoughttodevelopamethodologyforsimulation-assisteddecision-makinginthedesignprocessandenablingareas.Thuswehaveexamined

•methodsforarchitectingmodularsystemmodelsandconfiguringreusableandmodularsimulationmodels.

•methodsforintegratingmeasurementswithsimulationmodelexperimentationingeneralandinversemodelinginparticular.

•methodsforpresentingandcommunicatingtheresultsofsimulations.

3-Decision-making

Ageneralthoughroughdescriptionofadesignprocessisthestage-gatemodel,inwhichtheprocessisdividedintoanumberofpredefinedphaseswithgatesbetweenthem.Decisionsaretakencontinuouslyduringthedesignwork,butmajordecisionsareconcentratedatthepredefinedgatesbetweenmajordesignactivitiesorphases.

Theactivitiesbetweenthegatesarefocusedondetailingandresolvinguncertaintiesabouttheactualconcept,thatis,ongainingknowledgeabouttheconcept.These

activitiesaretriggeredbythespecificationsthatdefinethetargetvaluesforthepropertiesoftheproposedproduct.

Theactivitiescanallbeseenaspartofaverificationprocessthatiterativelyevaluatesallcriticalrequirements,eitherbysimulatingbehaviororbyusingothersourcesof

information,includingcolleaguesandolddesigns.Inthispaperwearefocusingontheuseofsimulationandsimulationmodelsasatooltomakethisevaluation

processmoreefficient.

Infigure2,wehaveillustratedtheconceptverificationprocesstakingplacebetweentwogatesinthedevelopmentprocess.Themainactivityinthisprocessis“investigate

problem”,wheretheproblemiswhateverisunknownaboutarequirementandneedstobefurtherinvestigated.Thedatabasesymbolsindicatethatforeachstepinthis

processthereareanumberofpredefinedmodelsthatmaybecandidatesforuseinsolvinganactualproblem.

3.1-ModelArchitectingandConfiguration

Animportantpartoftheverificationprocessistheabilitytoconfiguresystemmodels,eachadaptedtoperformaspecifictask,andeachconsistingofmodelsofcomponents

andsubsystems.Tobeabletoanalyzethissystem,theremustalsobeafeasiblelevelofdetailandafeasiblesimulationtool.

Toachievethisgoal,theproductconceptbeingstudiedmustbedividedintocomponentsandsubsystemsthatcanbemodeledseparately.Modelsofcomponentsandsubsystemsarebothreferredtoassubsystemmodelsinwhatfollows.

Wealsoneedtodefineawaytoconfiguresystemmodelsfromthesesubsystemsmodels.Ourapproachisbasedonidentifyingandrepresentingtheconnectionsbetweensubsystemmodels（see[8]）.Indiscussingtheseconnections,werefertotheconnectionpointatthesubsystemasthematingfeature,andthephysical

connectionastheinterfacefeature.Figure3showsasystemmodelofaliftingunitcomprisingsubsystemmodelsthatar