HeideggerBeingandTime07.docx

HeideggerBeingandTime07.docx

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HeideggerBeingandTime07

IDASEIN'SPOSSIBILITYOFBEING-A-WHOLE,ANDBEING-TOWARDS-DEATH

¶46.TheSeemingImpossibiliyofGettingDasein'sBeing-a-wholeintoourGraspOntologicallyandDeterminingitsCharacter

TheinadequacyofthehermeneuticalSituationfromwhichtheprecedinganalysisofDaseinhasarisen,mustbesurmounted.ItisnecessaryforustobringthewholeDaseinintoourfore-having.Wemustaccordinglyaskwhetherthisentity,assomethingexisting,caneverbecomeaccessibleinitsBeing-a-whole.InDasein'sverystateofBeing,thereareimportantreasonswhichseemtospeakagainstthepossibilityofhavingitpresented[Vorgabe]inthemannerrequired.

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Thepossibilityofthisentity'sBeing-a-wholeismanifestlyinconsistentwiththeontologicalmeaningofcare,andcareisthatwhichformsthetotalityofDasein'sstructuralwhole.Yettheprimaryitemincareisthe'ahead-of-itself',andthismeansthatineverycaseDaseinexistsforthesakeofitself.'Aslongasitis',righttoitsend,itcomportsitselftowardsitspotentiality-for-Being.Evenwhenitstillexistsbuthasnothingmore'beforeit'andhas'settled[abgeschlossen]itsaccount',its.Beingisstilldeterminedbythe'ahead-of-itself'.Hopelessness,forinstance,doesnottearDaseinawayfromitspossibilities,butisonlyoneofitsownmodesofBeingtowardsthesepossibilities.EvenwhenoneiswithoutIllusionsand'isreadyforanything'["GefasstseinaufAlles"],heretoothe'ahead-ofitself'lieshidden.The'ahead-of-itself',asaniteminthestructureofcare,tellsusunambiguouslythatinDaseinthereisalwayssomethingstilloutstanding,1which,asapotentiality-for-BeingforDaseinitself,hasnotyetbecome'actual'.ItisessentialtothebasicconstitutionofDaseinthatthereisconstantlysomethingstilltobesettled[eineständigeUnabgeschlossenheit].Suchalackoftotalitysignifiesthatthereissomethingstilloutstandinginone'spotentiality-for-Being.

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'...imDaseinimmernochetwasatusteht...'Theverb'ausstehen'andthenoun'Ausstand'（whichweusuallytranslateas'somethingstilloutstanding',etc.）,areordinarilyusedinGermantoapplytoadebtorabankdepositwhich,fromthepointofviewofthelenderordepositor,hasyettoberepaidtohim,liquidated,orwithdrawn.

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ButassoonasDasein'exists'insuchawaythatabsolutelynothingmoreisstilloutstandinginit,thenithasalreadyforthisveryreasonbecome"no-longer-Being-there"[Nicht-mehr-da-sein].ItsBeingisannihilatedwhenwhatisstilloutstandinginitsBeinghasbeenliquidated.AslongasDaseinisasanentity,ithasneverreachedits'wholeness'.1Butifitgainssuch'wholeness',thisgainbecomestheutterlossofBeingin-the-world.Insuchacase,itcanneveragainbeexperiencedasanentiy.

ThereasonfortheimpossibilityofexperiencingDaseinonticallyasawholewhichis[alsseiendesGanzes],andthereforeofdeterminingitscharacterontologicallyinitsBeing-a-whole,doesnotlieinanyimperfectionofourcognitivepowers.ThehindranceliesratherintheBeingofthisentity.ThatwhichcannoteverbesuchasanyexperiencewhichpretendstogetDaseininitsgraspwouldclaim,eludesinprincipleanypossibility.ofgettingexperiencedatall.2ButinthatcaseisitnotahopelessundertakingtotrytodiscerninDaseinitsontologicaltotalityofBeing?

Wecannotcrossoutthe'ahead-of-itself'asanessentialiteminthestructureofcare.Buthowsoundaretheconclusionswhichwehavedrawnfromthis?

HasnottheimpossibilityofgettingthewholeofDaseinintoourgraspbeeninferredbyanargumentwhichismerelyformal?

OrhavewenotatbottominadvertentlypositedthatDaseinissomethingpresentat-hand,aheadofwhichsomethingthatisnotyetpresent-at-handisconstantlyshovingitself?

Havewe,inourargument,taken"Being-notyet"andthe'ahead'inasensethatisgenuinelyexistential?

Hasourtalkofthe'end'and'totality'beenphenomenallyappropriatetoDasein?

Hastheexpression'death'hadabiologicalsignificationoronethatisexistential-ontological,orindeedanysignificationthathasbeenade.quatelyandsurelydelimited?

HaveweindeedexhaustedallthepossibilitiesformakingDaseinaccessibleinitswholeness?

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WemustanswerthesequestionsbeforetheproblemofDasein'stotalitycanbedismissedasnugatory[nichtiges].Thisquestion—boththeexistentiellquestionofwhetherapotentiality-for-Being-a-wholeispossible,andtheexistentialquestionofthestate-of-Beingof'end'and'totality'—isoneinwhichtherelurksthetaskofgivingapositiveanalysisforsomephenomenaofexistencewhichuptillnowhavebeenleftaside.InthecentreoftheseconsiderationswehavethetaskofcharacterizingontologicallyDasein'sBeing-at-an-endandofachievinganexistentialconception

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'DieBebebungdesSeinsausstandesbesagtVernichtungseinesSeins.SolangedasDaseinalsSeiendesist,hatesseine"Gänze"nieerreicht.'Theverb'beheben'isusedinthesenseofclosingone'saccountorliquidatingitbywithdrawingmoneyfromthebank.Thenoun'Gänze',whichweshalltranslateas'wholeness',istobedistinguishedfrom'Ganze'（'whole',oroccasionally'totality'）and'Ganzheit'（'totality'）

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'Wassogarnichterstseinkann,wieeinErfahrendasDaseinzuerfassenprätendiert,entziehtsichgrundsätzlicheinerErfahrbarkeit.'

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ofdeath.Theinvestigationsrelatingtothesetopicsaredividedupasfollows:

thepossibilityofexperiencingthedeathofOthers,andthepossibilityofgettingawholeDaseinintoourgrasp（Section47）;thatwhichisstilloutstanding,theend,andtotality（Section48）;howtheexistentialanalysisofdeathisdistinguishedfromotherpossibleInterpretationsofthisphenomenon（Section49）;apreliminarysketchoftheexistential-ontologicalstructureofdeath（Section50）;Being-towardsdeathandtheeverydaynessofDasein（Section51）;everydayBeingtowards-death,andthefullexistentialconceptionofdeath（Section52）;anexistentialprojectionofanauthenticBeing-towards-death（Section53）.

¶47.ThePossibilityofExperiencingtheDeathofOthers,andthePossibilityofGettingaWholeDaseinintoourGrasp

WhenDaseinreachesitswholenessindeath,itsimultaneouslylosestheBeingofits"there".Byitstransitiontono-longer-Dasein[Nichtmehrdasein],itgetsliftedrightoutofthepossibilityofexperiencingthistransitionandofunderstandingitassomethingexperienced.SurelythissortofthingisdeniedtoanyparticularDaseininrelationtoitself.ButthismakesthedeathofOthersmoreimpressive.Inthiswayatermination[Beendigung]ofDaseinbecomes'Objectively'accessible.Daseincanthusgainanexperienceofdeath,allthemoresobecauseDaseinisessentiallyBeingwithOthers.Inthatcase,thefactthatdeathhasbeenthus'Objectively'givenmustmakepossibleanontologicaldelimitationofDasein'stotality.

ThusfromthekindofBeingwhichDaseinpossessesasBeingwithoneanother,wemightdrawthefairlyobviousinformationthatwhentheDaseinofOthershascometoanend,itmightbechosenasasubstitutethemeforouranalysisofDasein'stotality.Butdoesthisleadustoourappointedgoal?

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EventheDaseinofOthers,whenithasreacheditswholenessindeath,isno-longer-Dasein,inthesenseofBeing-no-longer-in-the-world.Doesnotdyingmeangoing-out-of-the-world,andlosingone'sBeing-in-theworld?

Yetwhensomeonehasdied,hisBeing-no-longer-in-the-world（ifweunderstanditinanextremeway）isstillaBeing,butinthesenseoftheBeing-just-present-at-hand-and-no-moreofacorporealThingwhichweencounter.InthedyingoftheOtherwecanexperiencethatremarkablephenomenonofBeingwhichmaybedefinedasthechange-overofanentityfromDasein'skindofBeing（orlife）tono-longer-Dasein.TheendoftheentityquaDaseinisthebeginningofthesameentityquasomethingpresent-at-hand.

However,inthiswayofInterpretingthechange-overfromDaseinto

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Being-just-present-at-hand-and-no-more,thephenomenalcontentismissed,inasmuchasintheentitywhichstillremainswearenotpresentedwithamerecorporealThing.Fromatheoreticalpointofview,eventhecorpsewhichispresent-at-handisstillapossibleobjectforthestudentofpathologicalanatomy,whoseunderstandingtendstobeorientedtotheideaoflife.Thissomethingwhichisjust-present-at-hand-and-no-moreis'more'thanalifelessmaterialThing.Initweencountersomethingunalive,whichhaslostitslife.1

Buteventhiswayofcharacterizingthatwhichstillremains[desNochverbleibenden]doesnotexhaustthefullphenomenalfindingswithregardtoDasein.

The'deceased'[Der"Verstorbene"]asdistinctfromthedeadperson[demGestorbenen],hasbeentornawayfromthosewhohave'remainedbehind'[den"Hinterbliebenen"],andisanobjectof'concern'inthewaysoffuneralrites,interment,andthecultof'graves.Andthatissobecausethedeceased,inhiskindofBeing,is'stillmore'thanjustanitemofequipment,environmentallyready-to-hand,aboutwhichonecanbeconcerned.Intarryingalongsidehimintheirmourningandcommemoration,thosewhohaveremainedbehindarewithhim,inamodeofrespectfulsolicitude.Thustherelationship-of-BeingwhichonehastowardsthedeadisnottobetakenasaconcernfulBeing-alongsidesomethingready-to-hand.

InsuchBeing-withthedead[demToten],thedeceasedhimselfisnolongerfactically'there'.However,whenwespeakof"Being-with",wealwayshaveinviewBeingwithoneanotherinthesameworld.Thedeceasedhasabandonedour'worl