高一英语测试《Unit 1 Advertising》教案 Word power牛津译林版必修4.docx

高一英语测试《Unit 1 Advertising》教案 Word power牛津译林版必修4.docx

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高一英语测试《Unit1Advertising》教案Wordpower牛津译林版必修4

●Wordpower

We’lllearninthissectionsomecommonsuffixesthatcanbeaddedtonounsorverbstocreateadjectives.Andalsosomevocabularyrelatedtosalesandmarketing.

Step1:

Brainstorming

1.Pleasethinkaboutthefollowingquestions:

Howarethefollowingwordsformed?

health（noun）healthy（adjective）interest（verb）interesting（adjective）

AnEnglishwordcanhaveseveralderivatives.AndpleasepayattentiontothefactthatmanyEnglishwordssharethesamerootword,eventhoughtheyhavedifferentmeaningsorpartsofspeech.

Nowhere’smoreexampleforyoutobetterunderstandwordformation.

breath（n.）breathe（v.）breathless（adj.）

act（v.）action（n.）actor（n.）actress（n.）activity（n.）

possible（adj.）impossible（adj.）possibility（n.）possibly（adv.）

friend（n.）,friendly（adj.）,friendless（adj.）,friendship（n.）,unfriendly（adj.）

Asyoucansee,manywordsarederivedbyaddingsuffixesorprefixestotherootwords.Oftenyoumaycomeacrossunfamiliarwordswhilereading,trytouseknowledgeofwordformationtoguesstheirmeanings.Willyou?

Andcanyougivemoreexamplesaboutwordformation?

2.Shallwehaveacompetitiontoseewhocangivemoreexamplesorcreatemorewordsbyaddingsuffixesorprefixestotherootwords?

3.Asweknow,sometimesanEnglishwordcanbemadeupofthreeparts:

aprefix,astemandasuffix.Astemisthemainpartofaword.Aprefixisagroupoflettersaddedtothebeginningofaword.Asuffixisagroupoflettersplacedattheendofaword.Bothprefixesandsuffixesmodifythemeaningofawordorchangeitintoadifferentwordgroup.Thefollowingisatableofcommonprefixes:

Prefix

Meaning

Examples（adjectives）

un-

Not

unfair,unnecessary,unimportant,unhappy

in-

Not

incorrect,invisible,incurable,inaccurate

dis-

showingopposite

disable,dishonest,disagree,disappear,discover

re-

doagain

rewrite,redo,rebuild,react,retell,recreate

mis-

badlyorwrongly

misunderstand,misdirect,mistake,misuse

Step2:

LearningaboutWordformation

Thebasicpartofanywordistheroot;toit,youcanaddaprefixatthebeginningand/orasuffixattheendtochangethemeaning.Forexample,intheword"unflattering,"therootissimply"flatter,"whiletheprefix"un-"makesthewordnegative,andthesuffix"-ing"changesitfromaverbintoanadjective（specifically,aparticiple）.

Englishitselfdoesnotuseprefixesasheavilyasitoncedid,butmanyEnglishwordscomefromLatin,whichusesprefixesandsuffixes（youcanusethewordaffixtorefereithertoaprefixorasuffix）quiteextensively.Forexample,thewords"prefix,""suffix,"and"affix"themselvesareallformedfrom"fix"bytheuseofprefixes:

∙"ad"（to）+"fix"（attached）="affix"

∙"pre"（before）+"fix"="prefix"

∙"sub"（under）+"fix"="suffix"

Notethatboththe"-d"of"ad"andthe"-b"of"sub"changethelastletter.

HerearesomeofthemostcommonLatinprefixes（forthemeaningsoftheLatinroots,lookupthewordsinagooddictionary）:

ab（away）abrupt,absent,absolve

ad（to）adverb,advertisement,afflict

in（not）incapable,indecisive,intolerable

inter（between,among）intercept,interdependent,interprovincial

intra（within）intramural,intrapersonal,intraprovincial

pre（before）prefabricate,prefaceprefer

post（after）postpone,postscript,postwar

sub（under）submarine,subscription,suspect

trans（across）transfer,transit,translate

Step3:

ReadyusedmaterialsforWordformation

Affixes

Morphemesaddedtofreeformstomakeotherfreeformsarecalledaffixes.Therearethreeprinciplekindsofaffixes:

1.prefixes（atbeginning）—"un-"in"unable"

2.suffixes（atend）—"-ed"in"walked"

3.circumfixes（atbothends）—"en--en"in"enlighten"

（Thesealwaysseemtoconsistofotherwiseattestedindependentprefixesandsuffixes.）

ARuleforFormingsomeEnglishWords

ConsiderthefollowingpairsofEnglishwords:

Adjective

Verb

dark

darken

black

blacken

red

redden

steep

steepen

Whatgeneralization（rule）canwemake?

∙Form:

"en"

∙Combination:

AttheendofAdjectives（suffix）tomakeVerbs

∙Meaning:

"tomake（more）Adjective"

Wecandrawadiagramtoshowtheinternalstructureofoneofthewords:

Verb

/\

Adjective-en

|

black

Meaning:

"tomake（more）black"

Likewisewecandrawapartialstructure（treediagram）whichshowsthethreepropertiesofruleofcombinationfortheaffix:

Verb

/\

Adjective-en

Meaning:

"tomake（more）Adjective"

AnotherRuleforFormingsomeEnglishWords

ConsiderthefollowingpairsofEnglishwords:

Verb

Noun

sing

singer

dance

dancer

write

writer

compute

computer

Whatgeneralization（rule）canwemake?

Add"-er"totheendofVerbstomakeNounswiththemeaning"someone（orsth.）thatVerbs"

Noun

/\

Verb-er

Meaning:

"someone（orsomething）thatVerbs"

Rulesthatdon'tchangecategory

Someaffixescreatethesamekindsofwordsthattheyattachto,suchasmakingnounsoutofothernouns:

Noun

/\

Noun-ian

|

Boston

Meaning:

"someonefromBoston"

ZeroMorphemes

Someaffixesconsistofnosoundsatall.ZeromorphemesDOexist,andwe'llseewhy,andillustrateanotherconcept,allomorphyatthesametime.

Considerthefollowingwords:

Adjective

Verb

yellow

yellow

brown

brown

green

green

purple

purple

Therelationbetween"yellow"（adjective）and"yellow"（verb）isexactlythesameasthatbetween"white"and"whiten",whichwejustconsidered.Buttheformof"yellow"doesn'tchange.Sowesaythatweaddedazerosuffix:

Verb

/\

Adjective-Ø

|

yellow

Meaning:

"tomake（more）yellow"

Zeromorphemesareobviouslyhardtospotbecauseyoucan'thearthem!

InthesecasesyouhavetonoticewhatISN'Tthere.（SherlockHolmessolvesoneofhiscasesbynoticingthatadogDIDN'Tbark.Thiswasimportantbecausetherewasasituationwhereanydogwouldhavebarked.Thisisthekindofthinkingyouhavetodotofindzeromorphemes.）

Allomorphy

ButnowwehavetwowaystomakeAdjectivesintoVerbsmeaning"tomake（more）Adjective":

"-en"（"black-en"）and"-Ø"（"yellow-Ø"）Howdoweknowwhichruletouse?

Thatis,whynot"yellow-en"?

Onepossible（butuninteresting）answeristhatwejusthavetomemorizewhichaffixtouseforeachstem.Thatis,wejustmemorizethat"black"takes"-en"and"yellow"takes"-Ø".Butwewouldlikeabetterexplanation.

Aswiththephonologyproblems,thebestplacetolookis"near"wheretheaffixattaches.Since"-en"isasuffix,let'slookattheendofthestems.WhatwefindisthatwecandividetheAdjectivesintotwoclassesbasedonwhatthelastSOUND（NOTletter）ofthestemis:

∙Use"-en"ifthelastsoundis:

[p]"deep-en"[f]"stiff-en"[v]"live-en"[t]"white-en"

[d]"redd-en"[s]"less-en"[ʃ]"fresh-en"[k]"dark-en"

∙Use"-Ø"ifthelastsoundis:

[e]"gray-Ø"（"Hishairgrayed（gray-Ø-ed）beforehewastwenty."）

[n]"brown-Ø"[m]"dim-Ø"[l]"purple-Ø"[r]"clear-Ø"

Wecanusethesametypeofdiagrams,andindicatetheconditions:

Verb

/\

Adjective-enifAdjectiveendsinanobstruent（oralstoporfricative）

-ØifAdjectiveendsinasonorant（nasals,approximants,vowels）

Meaning:

"tomake（more）Adjective"

Whenwedidphonologyproblems,wehadanotionof"default"or"elsewhere".Thesameconceptcanariseinmorphology,althoughinthiscasethechoiceismadedifficultbythecleancutbetweenobstruentsandsonorants.Itistrue,however,thatthereareexceptionstothisrulewithcertainunusualadjectives:

Verb

/\

Adjective-enifAdjectiveendsinanobstruent（oralstoporfricative）

-ØElsewhere

Meaning:

"tomake（more）Adjective"

AnotherexampleofallomorphyinEnglishisthechoiceofthenegativeprefix"il-/ir-/im-/in-".Therulesare:

∙Use"il-"whenthestembeginswith"l":

"il-legal"

∙Use"ir-"whenthestembeginswith"r":

"ir-responsible"

∙Use"im-"whenthestembeginswith"m,b,p":

"im-mobile""im-balanced","im-possible"

∙Otherwise（elsewhere）use"in-":

"in-active",etc.

Inadiagram:

Adjective

/\

whenAdjectivebeginswithl:

il-Adjective

whenAdjectivebeginswithr:

ir-

whenAdjectivebeginswithabilabial:

im-

Elsewhere:

in-

Meaning:

"notAdjective"

Noticeherethatthereisaclearcasethatapplieswhentheother（morespecific）rulescannot.ThisistheDEFAULTorELSEWHERErule.TheELSEWHEREconceptplaysanimportantroleinlinguisticsandwehavealreadyencountereditinphonologyandwewillencounteritagaininthiscourse.

Finally,someallomorphyissimplyexceptional.Therearemorphemeswhichareusedwithonlyalimitednumberofwords,suchasplural"-en"asin"ox-en","child-（r）en".

Furthermore,somewordsaresoirregularthattheyhavenointernalanalysis,forexample"went"istheSUPPLETIVEformforwhatwouldotherwisebe"go-ed".Childrenoftenusewordslike*"go-ed"（"went"）or*"hold-ed"（"held"）.ThesearecalledOVERGENERALIZATIONerrorsbecausethechildrenusearegularproductiveprocessonexceptionalwords.

Compounds

ThecombinationoftwofreeformsiscalledaCOMPOUND.

Noun

/\

AdjectiveNoun

||

blackbird

Meaning:

aparticularkindofbird

InEnglishtheHEADofacompoundisusuallytheright-handmember（bird）.

Theheadsuppliesthecategory（Noun）andbasicmeaning（bird-ness）forthewholecompound.

Compoundscanbeusedwithaffixationtoproducelargerwords:

Noun

/\

Verb-er

/\

VerbVerb

||

sleepwalk

Meaning:

Someonewhowalksandsleepsatthesametime

Noun

/\

NounNoun

|/\

windowVerb-er

|

painter

Meaning:

Someonewhopaintswi