高一英语测试《Unit 1 Advertising》教案 Word power牛津译林版必修4.docx

1、高一英语测试Unit 1 Advertising教案 Word power牛津译林版必修4Word powerWell learn in this section some common suffixes that can be added to nouns or verbs to create adjectives. And also some vocabulary related to sales and marketing. Step 1: Brainstorming1. Please think about the following questions:How are the fol

2、lowing words formed?health (noun) healthy(adjective) interest (verb) interesting (adjective)An English word can have several derivatives. And please pay attention to the fact that many English words share the same root word, even though they have different meanings or parts of speech.Now heres more

3、example for you to better understand word formation.breath (n.) breathe (v.) breathless (adj.)act (v.) action (n.) actor (n.) actress (n.) activity (n.)possible (adj.) impossible (adj.) possibility (n.) possibly (adv.)friend (n.), friendly (adj.), friendless (adj.), friendship (n.), unfriendly (adj.

4、)As you can see, many words are derived by adding suffixes or prefixes to the root words. Often you may come across unfamiliar words while reading, try to use knowledge of word formation to guess their meanings. Will you? And can you give more examples about word formation?2. Shall we have a competi

5、tion to see who can give more examples or create more words by adding suffixes or prefixes to the root words?3. As we know, sometimes an English word can be made up of three parts: a prefix, a stem and a suffix. A stem is the main part of a word. A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning

6、 of a word. A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word. Both prefixes and suffixes modify the meaning of a word or change it into a different word group. The following is a table of common prefixes:PrefixMeaning Examples (adjectives)un-Notunfair, unnecessary, unimportant, unhappyin-N

7、otincorrect, invisible, incurable, inaccuratedis-showing oppositedisable, dishonest, disagree, disappear, discoverre-do againrewrite, redo, rebuild, react, retell, recreatemis-badly or wronglymisunderstand, misdirect, mistake, misuseStep 2: Learning about Word formation The basic part of any word is

8、 the root; to it, you can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end to change the meaning. For example, in the word unflattering, the root is simply flatter, while the prefix un- makes the word negative, and the suffix -ing changes it from a verb into an adjective (specifically, a par

9、ticiple).English itself does not use prefixes as heavily as it once did, but many English words come from Latin, which uses prefixes and suffixes (you can use the word affix to refer either to a prefix or a suffix) quite extensively. For example, the words prefix, suffix, and affix themselves are al

10、l formed from fix by the use of prefixes: ad (to) + fix (attached) = affix pre (before) + fix = prefix sub (under) + fix = suffix Note that both the -d of ad and the -b of sub change the last letter.Here are some of the most common Latin prefixes (for the meanings of the Latin roots, look up the wor

11、ds in a good dictionary):ab (away) abrupt, absent, absolve ad (to) adverb, advertisement, afflict in (not) incapable, indecisive, intolerable inter (between, among) intercept, interdependent, interprovincial intra (within) intramural, intrapersonal, intraprovincial pre (before) prefabricate, preface

12、 prefer post (after) postpone, postscript, postwar sub (under) submarine, subscription, suspect trans (across) transfer, transit, translate Step 3: Ready used materials for Word formationAffixesMorphemes added to free forms to make other free forms are called affixes. There are three principle kinds

13、 of affixes: 1. prefixes (at beginning) un- in unable 2. suffixes (at end) -ed in walked 3. circumfixes (at both ends) en-en in enlighten (These always seem to consist of otherwise attested independent prefixes and suffixes.) A Rule for Forming some English WordsConsider the following pairs of Engli

14、sh words: Adjective Verb dark darken black blacken red redden steep steepen What generalization (rule) can we make? Form: en Combination: At the end of Adjectives (suffix) to make Verbs Meaning: to make (more) Adjective We can draw a diagram to show the internal structure of one of the words: Verb /

15、 Adjective -en | blackMeaning: to make (more) blackLikewise we can draw a partial structure (tree diagram) which shows the three properties of rule of combination for the affix: Verb / Adjective -enMeaning: to make (more) Adjective Another Rule for Forming some English WordsConsider the following pa

16、irs of English words: Verb Noun sing singer dance dancer write writer compute computer What generalization (rule) can we make? Add -er to the end of Verbs to make Nouns with the meaning someone (or sth.) that Verbs Noun / Verb -erMeaning: someone (or something) that VerbsRules that dont change categ

17、orySome affixes create the same kinds of words that they attach to, such as making nouns out of other nouns: Noun / Noun -ian |BostonMeaning: someone from BostonZero MorphemesSome affixes consist of no sounds at all. Zero morphemes DO exist, and well see why, and illustrate another concept, allomorp

18、hy at the same time. Consider the following words: Adjective Verb yellow yellow brown brown green green purple purple The relation between yellow (adjective) and yellow (verb) is exactly the same as that between white and whiten, which we just considered. But the form of yellow doesnt change. So we

19、say that we added a zero suffix: Verb / Adjective - |yellowMeaning: to make (more) yellowZero morphemes are obviously hard to spot because you cant hear them! In these cases you have to notice what ISNT there. (Sherlock Holmes solves one of his cases by noticing that a dog DIDNT bark. This was impor

20、tant because there was a situation where any dog would have barked. This is the kind of thinking you have to do to find zero morphemes.) AllomorphyBut now we have two ways to make Adjectives into Verbs meaning to make (more) Adjective: -en (black-en) and - (yellow-) How do we know which rule to use?

21、 That is, why not yellow-en? One possible (but uninteresting) answer is that we just have to memorize which affix to use for each stem. That is, we just memorize that black takes -en and yellow takes -. But we would like a better explanation. As with the phonology problems, the best place to look is

22、 near where the affix attaches. Since -en is a suffix, lets look at the end of the stems. What we find is that we can divide the Adjectives into two classes based on what the last SOUND (NOT letter) of the stem is: Use -en if the last sound is: p deep-en f stiff-en v live-en t white-en d redd-en s l

23、ess-en fresh-en k dark-en Use - if the last sound is: e gray- (His hair grayed (gray-ed) before he was twenty.) n brown- m dim- l purple- r clear- We can use the same type of diagrams, and indicate the conditions: Verb / Adjective -en if Adjective ends in an obstruent (oral stop or fricative) - if A

24、djective ends in a sonorant (nasals, approximants, vowels)Meaning: to make (more) AdjectiveWhen we did phonology problems, we had a notion of default or elsewhere. The same concept can arise in morphology, although in this case the choice is made difficult by the clean cut between obstruents and son

25、orants. It is true, however, that there are exceptions to this rule with certain unusual adjectives: Verb / Adjective -en if Adjective ends in an obstruent (oral stop or fricative) - ElsewhereMeaning: to make (more) AdjectiveAnother example of allomorphy in English is the choice of the negative pref

26、ix il-/ir-/im-/in-. The rules are: Use il- when the stem begins with l: il-legal Use ir- when the stem begins with r: ir-responsible Use im- when the stem begins with m, b, p: im-mobile im-balanced, im-possible Otherwise (elsewhere) use in-: in-active, etc. In a diagram: Adjective / when Adjective b

27、egins with l: il- Adjectivewhen Adjective begins with r: ir-when Adjective begins with a bilabial: im-Elsewhere: in-Meaning: not AdjectiveNotice here that there is a clear case that applies when the other (more specific) rules cannot. This is the DEFAULT or ELSEWHERE rule. The ELSEWHERE concept play

28、s an important role in linguistics and we have already encountered it in phonology and we will encounter it again in this course. Finally, some allomorphy is simply exceptional. There are morphemes which are used with only a limited number of words, such as plural -en as in ox-en, child-(r)en. Furth

29、ermore, some words are so irregular that they have no internal analysis, for example went is the SUPPLETIVE form for what would otherwise be go-ed. Children often use words like *go-ed (went) or *hold-ed (held). These are called OVERGENERALIZATION errors because the children use a regular productive

30、 process on exceptional words. CompoundsThe combination of two free forms is called a COMPOUND. Noun / Adjective Noun | | black birdMeaning: a particular kind of birdIn English the HEAD of a compound is usually the right-hand member (bird). The head supplies the category (Noun) and basic meaning (bird-ness) for the whole compound. Compounds can be used with affixation to produce larger words: Noun / Verb -er / Verb Verb | |sleep walkMeaning: Someone who walks and sleeps at the same time Noun / Noun Noun | / window Verb -er | painterMeaning: Someone who paints wi