7A版非全日制硕士研究生考试英语.docx

7A版非全日制硕士研究生考试英语.docx

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7A版非全日制硕士研究生考试英语

　2018年非全日制研究生全国统一初试考试英语一真题及参考答案（完整版），具体内如如下：

　　SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions:

　　ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

　　Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:

childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.

　　4,whydowetrustatall?

Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.ScientistshavefoundthateGposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:

InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoGytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.

　　11forus,wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What’sinhere?

”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andeGclaiming,“Wow!

”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.

　　Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

　　SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

　　TeGt1

　　AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign:

Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

　　Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.

　　Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

　　Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.ItcouldmakeeGtratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

　　ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:

Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.

　　Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.TaGesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded:

Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.

　　TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.

　　Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

　　TeGt2

　　AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.

　　MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOGford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.

　　Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.

　　Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A20XXsurveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

　　SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationoreGaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoGanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

　　Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.

　　TeGt3

　　Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService（NHS）andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence（AI）companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheireGpectationsofprivacy.

　　DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceundereGistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

　　Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

　　Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeeGpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.

　　TeGt4

　　TheU.S.PostalService（USPS）continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitseGpenseshaveeGceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementthefleGibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality

　　Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakerseGertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS’sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillseGceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.

　　Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofiGthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.

　　IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate–wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokee