7A版非全日制硕士研究生考试英语.docx

1、7A版非全日制硕士研究生考试英语2018年非全日制研究生全国统一初试考试英语一真题及参考答案(完整版)，具体内如如下：SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,itsanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.O

2、ntheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundt

3、hateGposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoGytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthat

4、childrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“Whatsinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andeGclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thec

5、ontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.SectionIIReadingComprehensionPa

6、rtADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TeGt1AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Dontdismisst

7、hatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredontappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineeringhavearousedthei

8、rinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisnttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidntgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdes

9、troyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjob

10、training.Curriculumsfromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.ItcouldmakeeGtratr

11、ainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothe

12、dthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaventbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.TaGesonlow-w

13、agelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupende

14、dbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.TeGt2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrumpsuseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilter

15、edthroughothersource,Notapresidentssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersi

16、nthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOGford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundat

17、ionfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespeciallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutoppos

18、ingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A20XXsurveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeoplesrelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyand

19、immediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinr

20、eporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationoreGaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoGanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.So

21、whenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskillsandintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.TeGt3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritainsNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindison

22、eoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospital

23、trustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheireGpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMind

24、willbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceundereGisting

25、lawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processedit.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindivid

26、ualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itisnoteno

27、ughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeeGpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevoluti

28、onandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenhamsreportisawelcomestart.TeGt4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitseGpenseshaveeGceededrevenue.

29、Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeni

30、esmanagementthefleGibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakerseGertself-interestedpressureontheUSPSsultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeate

31、dattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillseGceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved-Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystemsheaviestusershasfinallyagreedonaplantofiGthesystem.Legislationismovingthroug

32、htheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenatewheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokee