新概念第四册课文48篇.docx

新概念第四册课文48篇.docx

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新概念第四册课文48篇

Lｅsson1Findiｎgfossilman（化石人）

Weｃanreａｄ　oｆthiｎgsthatｈappened5，00０yeaｒｓ　aｇｏｉｎtheNeａr　East，ｗhｅｒｅpeｏplｅfiｒstleaｒneｄtoｗritｅ.Buttherearesｏｍｅｐartsof　tｈeｗordwheｒeeven　nowpeoplecａnnｏtｗrite.Theoｎlｙｗaｙｔhattheycａnｐresｅrve（ｂaocｕn）　thｅｉrhiｓtｏryisｔoｒecount　（叙述）ｉｔａｓsａｇas　（传奇）－-　legendshandeddｏwn　fｒomoｎegeｎeratｉonｏfａｎother．Tｈｅsｅleｇeｎdsarｅｕsｅfuｌ　becauｓetheｙｃａntellus　ｓomeｔｈiｎｇａbouｔmigｒatｉons　（移民）ofpeopｌeｗho　liｖedlong　ago,ｂｕt　ｎｏｎｅcouldwriｔeｄoｗnwhattheｙdid.　Aｎｔhｒopｏloｇists　（人类学者）wondｅredwhere　theｒemote　aｎcestorsofthｅPoｌynesianｐｅopleｓｎow　lｉvｉngiｎｔheＰａciｆｉcIsｌaｎdscａme　ｆrom．The　sagaｓofthesepeople　expｌainｔhat　soｍeoｆthemcameｆroｍ　Indonｅsia（印尼）aｂout2,000years　ago.

Buｔthe　fｉrstｐeopｌewhowerelike　ourｓelveｓｌｉveｄ　soｌonｇagotｈateｖｅnｔheｉrｓagａs,ｉｆthey　had　any,are　forgottｅn.　Sｏａrchaeoloｇiｓts（考古学家）ｈaveｎeｉther　histoｒynorlegendｓtohelｐthemtofindｏutwhｅre　the　fｉrst'mｏｄerｎ　mｅｎ'ｃamefrｏm.

Ｆortunately,howeveｒ,aｎcient　ｍen　made　toolsof　stone，esｐeｃｉallｙfliｎt（打火石），becausｅtｈisiseasiertoshapeｔhaｎｏtherｋｉnds.Ｔheymａyａlsohａve　ｕｓed　woodanｄskins,butｔhｅｓｅhave　rｏｔted（腐烂）awaｙ.　Stoneｄｏｅsnotdｅcay（腐烂）,ａndｓotheｔoolsof　lｏng　agohａveremainedwheneｖenthe　ｂoneｓoｆthemenwｈｏmａｄetｈem　havedｉsapｐeared　withoｕtｔraｃe.

Lesson2　Sｐａretｈａt　spidｅr

Wｈy,ｙｏumayｗoｎder,ｓhｏuldｓpidersｂeour　friends?

Bｅcａｕｓethｅydeｓｔroyｓomａnｙ　ｉnseｃｔs,and　iｎsectｓincludesｏｍeｏftｈegreａtｅsｔeｎｅmｉesoｆthe　humanraｃe．Inseｃtsｗouldmａkeiｔimpｏsｓｉblｅfｏｒusto　livｅintheｗorld;　theywoulｄｄevｏur（吞吃）all　ourｃroｐｓ　aｎd　killourfｌoｃksanｄｈeｒds　（牛羊）,ｉfiｔ　ｗeｒe　ｎｏtfｏr　theprotectiｏnｗe　gｅtfｒom　ｉnsect－eatｉnｇanｉmａls.Ｗeowe（欠）alottｏtｈeｂirｄs　andbｅasｔswhoeatinsects　butallｏftｈeｍput　toｇeｔherｋｉllｏnlya　fｒactioｎ　（小部分）ｏfthenuｍberdestroｙｅdｂｙｓｐｉdｅrs.Ｍoreｏver,unlikｅsoｍｅof　ｔheothｅrinsｅcteaters,spiｄersnｅver　dｏ　ｔheharｍ　tous　orourbeｌｏnｇｉngs（财产）.

Spｉdeｒs　arｅnot　insｅcts,asｍａny　peｏpｌethink，　norevｅnnearlｙreｌated　ｔｏthem.One　ｃanｔｅｌl　thedｉfｆeｒｅnceaｌｍostａtaglaｎcｅ,foｒasｐideraｌwaｙshasｅightlegs　ａｎｄinsectｎeｖer　mｏre　ｔhaｎsiｘ.

How　ｍanyspiｄersare　eｎｇａged　（忙碌）intｈis　ｗｏrknoｏurbｅhａlf？

Ｏnｅauthoriｔyｏnsｐiｄersmaｄe　acｅnsuｓ（人口普查）ofｔｈe　sｐｉdersｉｎgrasｓfiｅld　iｎｔhｅｓouthofEngｌaｎd,andheestiｍated　ｔｈattherｅwere　mｏrethａｎ2,2５0,０00　iｎ　ｏnｅ　ａcｒe；thatｉssomｅｔｈingｌｉke6,000，０0０ｓpiｄｅrsofdiffeｒeｎt　ｋindson　a　footｂallｐｉｔch.　Ｓpideｒsarebusｙfoｒ　aｔleasthａlｆtｈｅｙeariｎ　kilｌingiｎsects.It　ｉｓ　impoｓsibletｏmakemoretｈａnthｅwilｄestguessat　hｏwmanｙtheykｉlｌ，bｕtｔｈeｙarｅｈunｇrycｒeatuｒes,ｎot　ｃｏntent（满足）ｗithonlythreemealｓadaｙ.Ithaｓbeeｎｅｓtimａｔｅｄtｈａｔ　ｔheｗｅight　ｏfａlｌtｈe　insｅctsdｅstrｏyedｂyspideｒsin　Ｂｒitａｉnｉnoｎeyｅarwouｌｄbegreａtｅrtｈaｎ　ｔhe　totａlweｉghtof　aｌｌthehｕｍanｂeings　inthecountｒy.

Lｅssoｎ3　　Ｍatterhornman

Mｏderｎalpinists　trｙｔoclimb　mounｔainsbｙaroute　wｈｉch　wiｌlgｉvethｅmｇｏｏdｓporｔ，andｔｈemoredifficultｉtis,themore　highｌy　iｔisreｇaｒｄeｄ．Inｔhe　ｐioneeringｄaｙs,ｈowｅｖer,thisｗaｓnottｈe　caｓｅat　all.Ｔheearlｙclimbersweｒelookingfｏrtheeａｓiestway　tｏthetoｐ,　becausｅtｈesummitwａsｔｈe　prize　tｈeyｓoｕghｔ,ｅｓpｅcｉａllyifiｔandneｖerbeenatｔaｉnｅd　bｅfoｒｅ．Iｔiｓｔrｕe　ｔhaｔ　ｄuringtheirexplorａtionstheｙoｆtｅｎfaceddiｆficuｌtiesａndｄａngｅrs　ofthｅ　mostpeｒｉlｏusnaｔｕrｅ,　ｅquiｐpedin　aｍaｎｎeｒｗｉth　wouldｍaｋe　amodernｃlimbｅrsｈuｄderaｔthｅ　thｏuｇht,ｂut　ｔｈeyｄiｄ　noｔgo　out　ofｔheｉｒway　tocourtsuｃhｅxciｔｅmenｔ.Theｙ　hada　singｌｅaiｍ,asoｌitarygoａｌ--tｈｅtｏｐ!

It　is　ｈａrｄforus　tｏ　ｒｅalｉzenowadayshow　diｆｆｉculｔitｗasfｏrtｈe　piｏneers.　Ｅxcepｔfoｒｏneortwoplaceｓsucｈ　asZeｒｍａｔtandＣｈａmonix，whiｃｈ　ｈaｄrapidly　becomeｐｏpuｌaｒ，Alpiｎe　vilｌagｅｔendeｄtｏbe　impｏveｒisｈｅd　seｔtlemｅntscｕt　oｆffrom　ｃｉvｉlizaｔion　bｙthehigｈｍｏuntains.Suchinns　as　theｒewｅregｅneｒallｙdｉrtyａnd　flｅa-ridden;ｔｈe　foｏdsimpｌy　locaｌｃｈeeseacｃoｍpanｉedbｙbreａd　oｆtｅnｔwｅlvｅmoｎｔhsold，aｌｌ　ｗasｈｅdｄoｗnｗithcoarsｅwiｎe.　Oｆtena　vaｌｌｅy　ｂｏastedｎoinnat　ａll,andcliｍberｓ　fouｎdshelｔerwhｅrevｅr　tｈeyｃoulｄ--soｍeｔimesｗiththｅloｃal　priｅst（whoｗaｓusualｌyas　pｏorａshis　parishiｏneｒs），sｏmetｉmeswithshepheｒｄsorｃhｅｅse－ｍａkers.　Iｎvariaｂｌytｈebacｋgroundwasｔheｓamｅ:

　dirtａndpoveｒｔｙ,anｄvｅrｙuncomforｔable.Formｅnａcｃｕsｔoｍｅdｔoeatinｇseｖeｎ-cｏｕrsedinnｅrsａndsleepingbeｔweｅn　ｆiｎe　liｎeｎsheｅts　athｏme,the　chanｇetoｔhｅAlｐｓmuｓｔ　hａｖeveryhardindeed.

Ｌeｓson　4　　　Seeing　handｓ

　　Ｓｅveralcasｅsｈａvebeen　reｐortedｉnRuｓsia　rｅｃentｌyof　pｅｏpｌｅｗｈｏcandｅtect（察觉）cｏlourswith　tｈeirｆingers,aｎdeveｎ　ｓeｅthｒｏughｓolidａndwalls．Oｎecaｓｅｃonｃerns　anｄeleveｎ-yｅａr-old　ｓchｏolｇｉrl,ＶeraPetrova,ｗhohasnorｍａl　viｓionbut　wｈocanａlsoperceive　（感觉）　thingsｗith　ｄifｆerentpartsofheｒsｋｉn，aｎdｔhｒough　solｉd　walｌs.　Tｈiｓabiｌiｔｙ　wasfirｓtnoticed　bｙherfａther.Oneｄayshｅcaｍeinｔohｉsoffiｃeanｄhappｅｎeｄtｏpｕtｈer　handsｏnthedoorofalocｋeｄsafe（保险箱）．Sudｄeｎlｙ　sｈeａsｋedｈerfａthｅrwｈy　hekepｔsｏｍaｎyｏlｄneｗspａｐeｒs　ｌocｋedawaｙ　ｔhere,anｄｅven　descriｂed　theway　tｈeyｗｅrｅdoneｕpｉｎbuｎdｌes（捆）.

　Vera's　cｕｒiouｓ　talenｔwaｓbrｏuｇｈttoｔhenｏｔｉｃeof　ascientiｆicｒeseaｒcｈｉnstituteｉｎｔhｅｔownofUlyaｎoｖsk,nｅａr　whereshe　liveｓ,ａｎｄｉnApril　she　ｗａs　ｇivenasｅriｅsｏftesｔsbyａsｐeciａl　ｃｏmmisｓｉoｎoｆtｈeMinｉstryofHeａｌthoｆtｈe　RussiaｎＦeｄeraｌRepubliｃ.Dｕｒiｎg　ｔｈesｅtestｓsｈeｗasabｌe　toreａdａnewspａperthroｕgh　ａn　opaｑｕe（不透明的）sｃｒｅen　aｎｄ,sｔrangerｓtiｌl，bｙmovｉｎgher　elbow　overachild's　ｇameoｆLotto　shewａｓａbｌeｔｏdｅscribethｅfｉgｕrｅs　aｎd　ｃｏloursprinｔｅdoniｔ；　and，ｉn　aｎｏtheｒ　instanｃe，weａrｉｎｇ　sｔoｃkiｎgs（长袜）　anｄ　slipperｓ（拖鞋）,　tomake　oｕt　wiｔhherfoot　ｔhｅoｕtlｉnｅsandcolouｒsof　ａpｉcｔurｅhiddｅnuｎdｅracaｒpｅt（地毯）.Otherexperimｅｎtsshoｗｅｄtｈａｔher　kneesand　sｈoｕlderｓ　ｈada　siｍilaｒ　sｅnｓiｔiviｔy.　Dｕrｉng　ａllthesｅtｅsｔsVerａ　was　blindfolｄ（眼罩）;　ａｎｄ,　indeed,　eｘcepｔwｈｅn　blindfoldshｅｌａckedtｈeabilitｙ　tｏpeｒcｅivｅthiｎgswithherskin．It　wasalso　fouｎｄ　tｈａt　aｌｔhough　shｅcoｕlｄpｅrceivｅ　tｈingswｉthhｅrfingｅｒｓｔhisabｉliｔyceased　ｔhemｏment　ｈｅrｈandsｗerewｅｔ.

Ｌessoｎ6　　Youｔｈ

　Pｅopｌｅａreaｌｗaystalkingabｏuｔ'ｔｈeprobｌｅｍofyouｔｈ＇.Ｉｆtｈｅreｉsoｎe　--ｗhich　Itakｅ　ｌeavetｏ　douｂt--　thenｉtiｓｏｌder　peoplewhocreateiｔ,ｎottheyｏungtheｍsｅlves．　Let　usgｅt　downｔｏ　fｕｎdamentａlｓandagreｅ　thatｔheyouｎｇarｅａfｔeｒａlｌhumanbeｉｎgs　-－ｐｅoｐlejuｓｔliｋe　their　elｄers.Ｔheｒｅisoｎlyoneｄiｆfeｒencebetｗeen　anoldｍanandａyoungone:

　tｈｅｙoungｍanｈaｓagloriousｆuｔurebｅforehimandｔhｅolｄｏneｈaｓa　ｓｐlｅnｄidfｕtｕrebehindhｉm:

ａｎd　mayｂeｔｈaｔis　wheｒｅtherub摩擦ｉｓ.

WhｅｎIｗａs　ａｔeenager,IｆeltthatIｗａsjusｔｙounganｄ　unｃertａin--ｔhａtＩｗａsａｎewboyinaｈugesｃhｏol,　anｄ　Iwoｕldhaveｂeeｎ　veｒypleaｓeｄtｏ　beregardedaｓsoｍethｉｎgso　inteｒｅstiｎｇ　aｓapｒoblｅｍ.Ｆorｏnethｉng,beｉnｇaｐrｏblemgiｖeｓyｏuaｃertainiｄｅntｉtｙ　一致性，andthatis　oneof　theｔｈinｇsｔhe　youｎgａre　busily　ｅngageｄiｎseeｋing．

Ifiｎdyoｕｎgpｅopleexciｔing.Thｅｙ　havean　air　ｏｆfreeｄｏm,ａnd　they　notadｒｅary沉闷的comｍitmentｔomeanambitioｎsorlove　of　ｃomfｏrt安慰.Tｈeyarｅ　notanｘiｏussociａlｃliｍｂers,ａnd　thｅyhaveno　dｅvｏtｉonｔｏ　mａteriａｌ　tｈings.　Allthiｓseｅmstｏmeto　ｌinkthｅmwｉthlｉｆe,　aｎdtheorigｉｎs　ofthinｇs.It'ｓas　ｉｆ　tｈeｙ　werｅ，ｉn　sｏｍe　sense,ｃosmic　宇宙的ｂeingｓinvｉoleｎtaｎdloｖelyｃonｔraｓｔｗｉthussuburbaｎ郊外的ｃreatuｒes．AllthａtisｉｎmｙminｄwhenＩmｅetayoungpｅrｓoｎ．Hemaybe　conｃeited逞能的,ilｌ-ｍａnnered,preｓｕmptuoｕｓ专横的orfaｔｕouｓ愚昧的,ｂutIｄonotturnfｏr　pｒｏtectiｏn　ｔｏdreaｒyclichés陈词滥调aｂout　rｅspectｏf　elｄeｒs-－ａsifmｅreagewerｅarｅasｏnｆorreｓpｅcｔ．Iaｃｃept　ｔｈatｗeareequals,aｎd　Iwillａrgueｗiｔｈhiｍ,asaneｑｕａl,ｉf　Ithink　ｈeｉs　wｒong.

Lesson7　　Thesportｉng　spirｉt

IamalwａysamazedwｈｅnI　ｈeａrｐeoplｅｓaｙingtｈat　spｏrtｃreaｔesgooｄｗill（善意）ｂｅtweｅｎthenations,ａnd　ｔhａtifoｎlythecommoｎ　peoplesoftｈe　wｏuldcouldmeｅt　ｏneaｎotherａtfｏｏtbalｌorcriｃkｅｔ（板球），　thｅywould　hａveno　inclinaｔｉoｎ（倾向）　ｔoｍeｅtｏntheｂａtｔlefieｌd　战场.Evｅn　ｉfone　didn'tkｎowfrｏmｃoｎcretｅ具体的ｅxampleｓ（tｈｅ19３6　OlyｍｐicGames，for　instance）that　iｎterｎatiｏnaｌsportingcoｎtestslead　ｔoorgies放荡ｏｆｈatreｄ,　ｏｎｅcould　dedｕce推论ｉｆｆroｍgｅｎｅｒalprinciples.

　　Ｎeａｒｌｙallthesｐortｓ　pracｔｉsｅｄｎowadaｙs　arｅ　ｃompetitｉvｅ．Yｏuplａy　tｏwin,aｎdthegamehas　liｔｔlｅmeanｉngｕnｌess　yoｕdoyouｒ　utmｏsｔtowｉn.Onthevillagｅgreeｎ，whｅreyoupickuｐsides　andnｏfｅeｌｉnｇofloｃaｌpａtriotｉsm爱国精神isinvｏlｖｅｄ,itispossｉbｌｅtopｌａysimｐｌy　ｆｏrtｈe　fｕnanｄexeｒcise:

buｔas　sooｎaｓaｔhe　questioｎofｐrestiｇe声望　aｒiｓes,assｏoｎasyoufeelthatyou　ａnｄsomelargeruｎｉtｗiｌlbｅdiｓgｒaｃeｄ耻辱　ｉfyou　lｏｓe，ｔｈemosｔsavaｇｅ野蛮的　cｏmbativeinstinctsareａrｏuｓed（唤起）．　Anyｏnｅ　whoｈaspｌayｅd　evｅｎin　aschoolfoｏtｂａll　matｃｈknｏwsｔｈｉs．Attｈｅinternaｔionalｌevel,　sportisfrankly（坦白的）　mimic模仿的　ｗａrｆare　（战争）.Bｕttｈｅ　ｓiｇnｉfｉｃant　thｉngisｎotｔheｂｅｈaviourｏf　tｈｅｐlayｅｒsｂｕｔｔheａｔtiｔude　oｆtｈｅspｅctatoｒs观众：

ａnd,bｅhindthe　sｐectatｏｒｓ,oｆtheｎationswｈoｗoｒk　themselvesｉntｏfurieｓｏvｅrthesｅabsurｄ　荒谬的cｏntestｓ（竞赛），ａndseriousｌｙ　belｉevｅ--ａt　anyratefｏrshortpｅriodｓ－-thatrunnｉng,jumpｉｎg　and　kickｉｎgabａｌlare　tｅsts　of　nationalvｉrtue（美德）.

Leｓｓon9　　Bats

Nｏtalｌsoｕndｓｍadｅ　ｂyanimalsｓeｒveａs　ｌanguaｇｅ，aｎd　ｗehａveonly　to　ｔuｒnｔoｔhat　extraordｉnarydiscoveｒｙofecho-locatｉｏnin　baｔstｏ　seeａｃａseｉn　whichthevoiｃeplaysａ　ｓtricｔlyutｉlitaｒian　ｒｏｌe．

Ｔo　getａfuｌlａppreｃiａtｉonofｗhaｔｔhiｓmeaｎsｗe　ｍusｔ　tｕｒｎfｉｒsｔto　ｓｏｍereceｎthｕman　invenｔions．Everｙoneknows　thａtｉfhesｈｏｕtsin　ｔｈeviｃiｎiｔyｏfa　walloｒａmountainｓide,ａn　eｃhowillcｏmeback．The　ｆｕrtheｒoffｔhis　sｏlｉd　obｓtｒuｃtion,thelｏｎgeｒtiｍｅwｉllｅlaｐsｅｆor　tｈｅｒeturnｏfｔhe　echo.Asoｕnｄ　ｍade　by　tappiｎgoｎtｈe　hull　ofaｓｈｉp　willbｅreflectedfromtｈｅseａｂottom,anｄbymｅａsｕringthetiｍe　inｔervalbetwｅen　ｔhｅtapsandtherｅceiｐt　ofｔheecｈoes,　tｈｅdeｐthｏｆ　tｈeｓea　ａt　thatｐoinｔ　ｃanｂｅ　calcｕlatｅd.Sowas　bｏrntｈeeｃho-soundiｎｇappａrａｔuｓ，ｎｏw