计网第五次作业.docx

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计网第五次作业

ReviewQuestions:

1.Whataresomeofthepossibleservicesthatalink-layerprotocolcanoffertothenetworklayer?

Whichoftheselink-layerserviceshavecorrespondingservicesinIP?

InTCP?

链路层协议提供给网络层的服务有哪些?

哪些是给IP的?

哪些是给TCP的?

Linkaccess,framing,reliabledeliverybetweenadjacentnodes,flowcontrol,errordetection,errorcorrection,half-duplexandfull-duplex.

InIP:

framing,errordetection.

InTCP:

framing,reliabledeliverybetweenadjacentnodes,errordetection,half-duplexandfull-duplex.

2.IfallthelinksintheInternetweretoprovidereliabledeliveryservice,wouldtheTCPreliabledeliveryserviceberedundant?

Whyorwhynot?

不会多余,因为TCP保证的是传输层的数据传送,而link提供稳定可靠传输保证链路层的传输稳定,二者不完全重叠,所以TCP可靠传输也不会多余。

3.InSection5.3,welistedfourdesirablecharacteristicsofabroadcastchannel.WhichofthesecharacteristicsdoesslottedALOHAhave?

Whichofthesecharacteristicsdoestokenpassinghave?

4.SupposetwonodesstarttotransmitatthesametimeapacketoflengthLoverabroadcastchannelofrateR.Denotethepropagationdelaybetweenthetwonodesasdprop.Willtherebeacollisionifdprop

Whyorwhynot?

因为L/R=包传递的时间,如果dprop

7.SupposenodesA,B,andCeachattachtothesamebroadcastLAN(throughtheiradapters).IfAsendsthousandsofIPdatagramstoBwitheachencapsulatingframeaddressedtotheMACaddressofB,willC’sadapterprocesstheseframes?

Ifso,willC’sadapterpasstheIPdatagramsintheseframestothenetworklayerC?

HowwouldyouranswerschangeifAsendsframeswiththeMACbroadcastaddress?

不会,C会拆封帧从而读取报头的MAC,因为每一个host的MAC都唯一,C读取到数据报中的MAC和自己的不一样就不会继续拆封数据报,不会投递给C。

当使用LAN口广播地址的时候,C的适配器就会拆封帧,向C传递数据。

8.HowbigistheMACaddressspace?

TheIPv4addressspace?

TheIPv6addressspace?

2^48,2^32,2^128.

9.WhyisanARPquerysentwithinabroadcastframe?

WhyisanARPresponsesentwithinaframewithaspecificdestinationMACaddress?

因为新加入网络的主机是不知道路由器的IP的,自己也没有IP,所以只能广播才能得到IP。

因为每个主机的MAC地址都是唯一的,而ARP建立转发表的时候会带上MAC地址。

12.InCSMA/CD,afterthefifthcollision,whatistheprobabilitythatanodechoosesK=4?

TheresultK=4correspondstoadelayofhowmanysecondsona10MbpsEthernet?

可能,因为第五次K的取值范围是0-(2^5-1)即0-31。

Bittime=1bit/R=1bit/10Mbps=1msec,K=4,waittime=4*512*1msec=2048msec。

Problems:

1.Supposetheinformationcontentofapacketisthebitpattern1110110010001010andanevenparityschemeisbeingused.Whatwouldthevalueofthefieldcontainingtheparitybitsbeforthecaseofatwo-dimensionalparityscheme?

Youranswershouldbesuchthataminimum-lengthchecksumfieldisused.假设一个数据包的信息含量是XXX,使用偶校验方案。

采用二位奇偶校验方案的字段包含的奇偶校验位的字段的值是多少?

答案要使用最小长度校验。

10100

10100

10100

10111

00011

2.Supposetheinformationportionofapacket(DinFigure5.4)contains10bytesconsistingofthe8-bitunsignedbinaryASCIIrepresentationoftheintegers0through9.ComputetheInternetchecksumforthisdata.假设一个包的信息的一部分包括10bytes组成的8-bit无符号二进制码表示的整数0-9,计算该数据的网络校验。

算校验码先把0-9加起来

0000000000000001

0000001000000011

0000010000000101

0000011000000111

0000100000001001

0001010000011001

→→→→取反可得

校验码为1110101111100110

3.Considerthepreviousproblem,butinsteadofcontainingthebinaryofthenumbers0through9supposethese10bytescontain.ComputetheInternetchecksumforthisdata.

a.thebinaryrepresentationofthenumbers1through10.

0000000100000010

0000001100000100

0000010100000110

0000011100001000

0000100100010100

0001101100011110

→→→→取反可得

1110010011100001

b.theASCIIrepresentationofthelettersAthroughJ(uppercase).

0100000101000010

0100001101000100

0100010101000110

0100011101001000

0100100101001010

0101100001011111

→→→→取反可得

1010011110100000

c.theASCIIrepresentationofthelettersathroughj(lowercase).小写字母表示

0110000101100010

0110001101100100

0110010101100110

0110011101101000

0110100101101010

1111100111111101

→→→→取反可得

0000011000000010

6.Considerthepreviousproblem,butsupposethatDhasthevalue

a.10010001.

b.10100011.

c.01010101.

前一题题目:

Considerthe7-bitgenerator,G=10011,andsupposethatDhasthevalue1010101010.WhatisthevalueofR?

求余而已,记住不要做减法而是做与运算就好。

a.R=001

b.R=101

c.R=101

12.ConsiderthreeLANsinterconnectedbytworouters,asshowninFigure5.38.

a.Redrawthediagramtoincludeadapters.重新画图

b.AssignIPaddressestoalloftheinterfaces.ForSubnet1useaddressesoftheform111.111.111.xxx;forSubnet2usesaddressesoftheform122.122.122.xxx;andforSubnet3useaddressesoftheform133.133.133.xxx.所有的接口分配IP地址。

c.AssignMACaddressestoalloftheadapters.

a.b.c如图

d.ConsidersendinganIPdatagramfromHostAtoHostF.SupposealloftheARPtablesareuptodate.Enumerateallthesteps,asdoneforthesingle-routerexampleinSection5.4.2.

1.hostA发送一个数据报,通过转发表查询F的IP,向路由器1发送,其中destinationIP为133.133.133.12,MAC未知,sourceIP为111.111.111.12,sourceMAC为aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa。

2.适配器更改destination的IP为111.111.111.12,MAC地址变为gg-gg-gg-gg-gg-gg

3.路由器1发现目标IP和MAC不属于子网1中任何host,属于子网3(图中忘了画了,意会一下)。

于是根据转发表向路由器2进行转发。

Destination的IP为122.122.122.20,MAC为ii-ii-ii-ii-ii-ii。

4.路由器2收到了数据报,发现hostF在自己的子网内,于是修改destination的IP为133.133.133.12,MAC地址为ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff。

修改sourceIP为133.133.133.20,MAC为jj-jj-jj-jj-jj-jj,然后向F发送数据报。

5.F收到来自A的数据报。

e.Repeat(d),nowassumingthattheARPtableinthesendinghostisempty(andtheothertablesareuptodate).

发送方的ARP表为空,首先需要建立ARP表

1.hostA发送一个广播,destinationIP是255.255.255.255,MAC为空。

SourceIP为111.111.111.12,MAC为aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa

2.适配器收到了来自hostA的数据报,更新自己的ARP表,同时发送一个ACK给hostA,告诉hostA自己的IP、MAC。

3.hostA建立ARP表

4.如d小问所答,开始进行数据发送。

14.RecallthatwiththeCSMA/CDprotocol,theadapterwaitsK·512bittimesafteracollision,whereKisdrawnrandomly.ForK=100,howlongdoestheadapterwaituntilreturningtoStep2fora10MbpsEthernet?

Fora100MbpsEthernet?

当网速=10Mbps时,bittime=1bit/10Mbps

t=100*512*1/(10^6)=5.12msec

当网速=100Mbps时,bittime=1bit/100Mbps

t=100*512*1/(10^7)=0.512msec

15.SupposenodesAandBareonthesame10MbpsEthernetbus,andthepropagationdelaybetweenthetwonodesis225bittimes.SupposeAandBsendframesatthesametime,theframescollide,andthenAandBchoosedifferentvaluesofKintheCSMA/CDalgorithm.Assumingnoothernodesareactive,cantheretransmissionsfromAandBcollide?

Forourpurposes,itsufficestoworkoutthefollowingexample.SupposeAandBbegintransmissionatt=0bittimes.Theybothdetectcollisionsatt=225bittimes.Theyfinishtransmittingajamsignalatt=225+48=273bittimes.SupposeKA=0andKB=1.AtwhattimedoesBscheduleitsretransmission?

AtwhattimedoesAbegintransmission?

(Note:

ThenodesmustwaitforanidlechannelafterreturningtoStep2—seeprotocol.)AtwhattimedoesA’ssignalreachB?

DoesBrefrainfromtransmittingatitsscheduledtime?

1.因为A的K值=0,所以A从273bittime开始检测是否冲突

2.由于传输延迟的问题,B的最后一个bit要等到273+225=498bittime才能传到A,也就是说此时A检测到没有冲突。

3.A传输前先等待96个bittime,即t=498+96=594bittime的时候A开始传输数据

4.因为propagationdelay=225bittime,所以t=594+225=819bittime的时候A传输完毕

5.因为KB=1,当B等待1*512*1=512bittime的时候,B可以重传,此时B开始检测信道是否空闲,此时t=273+512=785bittime

6.此时B检测到信道忙,因此不能重传,等待信道空闲

7.当t=819bittime的时候信道空闲,此时B等待96bittime,即t=96+819=915bittime的时候B可以开始重传

16.SupposenodesAandBareonthesame10MbpsEthernetbus,andthepropagationdelaybetweenthetwonodesis225bittimes.SupposenodeAbeginstransmittingaframeand,beforeitfinishes,nodeBbeginstransmittingaframe.CanAfinishtransmittingbeforeitdetectsthatBhastransmitted?

Whyorwhynot?

Iftheanswerisyes,thenAincorrectlybelievesthatitsframewassuccessfullytransmittedwithoutacollision.Hint:

Supposeattimet=0bittimes,Abeginstransmittingaframe.Intheworstcase,Atransmitsaminimum-sizedframeof512+64bittimes.SoAwouldfinishtransmittingtheframeatt=512+64bittimes.Thus,theanswerisno,ifB’ssignalreachesAbeforebittimet=512+64bits.Intheworstcase,whendoesB’ssignalreachA?

因为A最快传输时间t=512+64bittime,看了答案,微积分神马的可以让我shi了……

LetYbearandomvariabledenotingthenumberofslotsuntilasuccess:

P(Y=m)=β(1-β)^(m-1)

Whereβistheprobabilityofasuccess.

Thisisageometricdistribution,whichhasmean1/β.ThenumberofconsecutivewastedslotsisX=Y–1that

x=E[X]=E[Y]-1=(1-β)/β

β=Np(1-p)^(N-1)

x={1–Np*(1-p)^(N-1)}/{Np*(1-p)^(N-1)}

efficiency=k/(k+x)=k/{k+[1–Np*(1-p)^(N-1)]/[Np(1-p)^(N-1)]}

19.Supposetwonodes,AandB,areattachedtooppositeendsofa900mcable,andthattheyeachhaveoneframeof1,000bits(includingallheadersandpreambles)tosendtoeachother.Bothnodesattempttotransmitattimet=0.SupposetherearefourrepeatersbetweenAandB,eachinsertinga20-bitdelay.Assumethetransmissionrateis10Mbps,andCSMA/CDwithbackoffintervalsofmultiplesof512bitsisused.Afterthefirstcollision,AdrawsK=0andBdrawsK=1intheexponentialbackoffprotocol.Ignorethejamsignalandthe96-bittimedelay.

a.Whatistheone-waypropagationdelay(includingrepeaterdelays)betweenAandBinseconds?

Assumethatthesignalpropagationspeedis2·10^8m/sec.

传输时间t0=900m/[2*(10^8)m/sec]=4.5μsec

Repeater传输延迟t1=4*20bit/10Mbps=8μsec

T=t0+t1=12.5μsec

b.Atwhattime(inseconds)isA’spacketcompletelydeliveredatB?

(为什么这里答案没有96个bittime的等待)

1bittime=1/10Mbps=0.1μsec

当t=12.5μsec时,A、B检测到冲突,停止传输。

A的K值=0,于是A立即开始检测信道是否空闲,当B传输延迟结束后,信道空闲,此

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