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动画外文文献
动画外文文献
Animation
Animationistherapiddisplayofasequenceofimagesof2-Dor3-Dartworkormodelpositionstocreateanillusionofmovement.Theeffectisanopticalillusionofmotionduetothephenomenonofpersistenceofvision,andcanbecreatedanddemonstratedinseveralways.Themostcommonmethodofpresentinganimationisasamotionpictureorvideoprogram,althoughthereareothermethods.
Earlyexamples
AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.
Earlyexamplesofattemptstocapturethephenomenonofmotiondrawingcanbefoundinpaleolithiccavepaintings,whereanimalsaredepictedwithmultiplelegsinsuperimposedpositions,clearlyattemptingtoconveytheperceptionofmotion.
Fiveimagessequencefromavasefound
A5,000yearoldearthenbowlfoundinIran.Ithasfiveimagesofagoatpaintedalongthesides.Thishasbeenclaimedtobeanexampleofearlyanimation.However,sincenoequipmentexistedtoshowtheimagesinmotion,suchaseriesofimagescannotbecalledanimationinatruesenseoftheword.
AChinesezoetrope-typedevicehadbeeninventedin180 AD.Thephenakistoscope,praxinoscope,andthecommonflipbookwereearlypopularanimationdevicesinventedduringthe19thcentury.
Thesedevicesproducedtheappearanceofmovementfromsequentialdrawingsusingtechnologicalmeans,butanimationdidnotreallydevelopmuchfurtheruntiltheadventofcinematography.
AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.
Thereisnosinglepersonwhocanbeconsideredthe"creator"offilmanimation,astherewereseveralpeopleworkingonprojectswhichcouldbeconsideredanimationataboutthesametime.
GeorgesMélièswasacreatorofspecial-effectfilms;hewasgenerallyoneofthefirstpeopletouseanimationwithhistechnique.
characterstoberedrawnandanimated.AmongMcCay'smostnotedfilmsareLittleNemo(1911),GertietheDinosaur(1914)andTheSinkingoftheLusitania(1918).
Theproductionofanimatedshortfilms,typicallyreferredtoas"cartoons",becameanindustryofitsownduringthe1910s,andcartoonshortswereproducedtobeshowninmovietheaters.ThemostsuccessfulearlyanimationproducerwasJohnRandolphBray,who,alongwithanimatorEarlHurd,patentedthecelanimationprocesswhichdominatedtheanimationindustryfortherestofthedecade.
ElApóstol(Spanish:
"TheApostle")wasa1917Argentineanimatedfilmutilizingcutoutanimation,andtheworld'sfirstanimatedfeaturefilm.
Traditionalanimation(alsocalledcelanimationorhand-drawnanimation)wastheprocessusedformostanimatedfilmsofthe20thcentury.Theindividualframesofatraditionallyanimatedfilmarephotographsofdrawings,whicharefirstdrawnonpaper.Tocreatetheillusionofmovement,eachdrawingdiffersslightlyfromtheonebeforeit.Theanimators'drawingsaretracedorphotocopiedontotransparentacetatesheetscalledcels,whicharefilledinwithpaintsinassignedcolorsortonesonthesideoppositethelinedrawings.Thecompletedcharactercelsarephotographedone-by-oneontomotionpicturefilmagainstapaintedbackgroundbyarostrumcamera.
Anexampleoftraditionalanimation,ahorseanimatedbyrotoscopingfromEadweardMuybridge's19thcenturyphotos
Thetraditionalcelanimationprocessbecameobsoletebythebeginningofthe21stcentury.Today,animators'drawingsandthebackgroundsareeitherscannedintoordrawndirectlyintoacomputersystem.Varioussoftwareprogramsareusedtocolorthedrawingsandsimulatecameramovementandeffects.Thefinalanimatedpieceisoutputtooneofseveraldeliverymedia,includingtraditional35 mmfilmandnewermediasuchasdigitalvideo.The"look"oftraditionalcelanimationisstillpreserved,andthecharacteranimators'workhasremainedessentiallythesameoverthepast70years.Someanimationproducershaveusedtheterm"tradigital"todescribecelanimationwhichmakesextensiveuseofcomputertechnology.
ExamplesoftraditionallyanimatedfeaturefilmsincludePinocchio(UnitedStates,1940),AnimalFarm(UnitedKingdom,1954),andAkira(Japan,1988).TraditionalanimatedfilmswhichwereproducedwiththeaidofcomputertechnologyincludeTheLionKing(US,1994)SentoChihironoKamikakushi(SpiritedAway)(Japan,2001),andLesTriplettesdeBelleville(France,2003).
Fullanimationreferstotheprocessofproducinghigh-qualitytraditionallyanimatedfilms,whichregularlyusedetaileddrawingsandplausiblemovement.Fullyanimatedfilmscanbedoneinavarietyofstyles,frommorerealisticallyanimatedworkssuchasthoseproducedbytheWaltDisneystudio(BeautyandtheBeast,Aladdin,LionKing)tothemore'cartoony'stylesofthoseproducedbytheWarnerBros.animationstudio.ManyoftheDisneyanimatedfeaturesareexamplesoffullanimation,asarenon-DisneyworkssuchasTheSecretofNIMH(US,1982),TheIronGiant(US,1999),andNocturna(Spain,2007).
Limitedanimationinvolvestheuseoflessdetailedand/ormorestylizeddrawingsandmethodsofmovement.PioneeredbytheartistsattheAmericanstudioUnitedProductionsofAmerica,limitedanimationcanbeusedasamethodofstylizedartisticexpression,asinGeraldMcBoingBoing(US,1951),YellowSubmarine(UK,1968),andmuchoftheanimeproducedinJapan.Itsprimaryuse,however,hasbeeninproducingcost-effectiveanimatedcontentformediasuchastelevision(theworkofHanna-Barbera,Filmation,andotherTVanimationstudios)andlatertheInternet(webcartoons)。
Rotoscopingisatechnique,patentedbyMaxFleischerin1917,whereanimatorstracelive-actionmovement,framebyframe.Thesourcefilmcanbedirectlycopiedfromactors'outlinesintoanimateddrawings,asinTheLordoftheRings(US,1978),orusedinastylizedandexpressivemanner,asinWakingLife(US,2001)andAScannerDarkly(US,2006).Someotherexamplesare:
FireandIce(USA,1983)andHeavyMetal(1981).
Live-action/animationisatechnique,whencombininghand-drawncharactersintoliveactionshots.OneoftheearlierusesofitwasKokotheClownwhenKokowasdrawnoverliveactionfootage.OtherexampleswouldincludeWhoFramedRogerRabbit(USA,1988),SpaceJam(USA,1996)andOsmosisJones(USA,2002).
AshortgifanimationofEarth
Computeranimation
2Danimation
2Danimationfiguresarecreatedand/oreditedonthecomputerusing2Dbitmapgraphicsorcreatedandeditedusing2Dvectorgraphics.Thisincludesautomatedcomputerizedversionsoftraditionalanimationtechniquessuchasof,interpolatedmorphing,onionskinningandinterpolatedrotoscoping.
2Danimationhasmanyapplications,includinganalogcomputeranimation,FlashanimationandPowerPointanimation.CinemagraphsarestillphotographsintheformofananimatedGIFfileofwhichpartisanimated.
3Danimation
3Danimationisdigitallymodeledandmanipulatedbyananimator.Tomanipulateamesh,itisgivenadigitalskeletalstructurethatcanbeusedtocontrolthemesh.Thisprocessiscalledrigging.Variousothertechniquescanbeapplied,suchasmathematicalfunctions(ex.gravity,particlesimulations),simulatedfurorhair,effectssuchasfireandwaterandtheuseofmotioncapturetonamebutafew,thesetechniquesfallunderthecategoryof3Ddynamics.Well-made3Danimationscanbedifficulttodistinguishfromliveactionandarecommonlyusedasvisualeffectsforrecentmovies.ToyStory(1995,USA)isthefirstfeature-lengthfilmtobecreatedandrenderedentirelyusing3Dgraphics.
Terms
Cel-shadedanimation,isusedtomimictraditionalanimationusingCGsoftware.Shadinglooksstark,withlessblendingcolors.Examplesinclude,Skyland(2007,France),AppleseedExMachina(2007,Japan),TheLegendofZelda:
WindWaker(2002,Japan)
Machinima,Filmscreatedbyscreencapturinginvideogamesandvirtualworlds.
Motioncapture,isusedwhenliveactionactorswearspecialsuitsthatallowcomputerstocopytheirmovementsintoCGcharacters.ExamplesincludePolarExpress(2004,USA),Beowulf(2007,USA),AChristmasCarol(2009,USA),TheAdventuresofTintin(2011,USA)
Photorealisticanimation,isusedprimarilyforanimationthatattemptstoresemblereallife.Usingadvancedrenderingthatmakesdetailedskin,plants,water,fire,clouds,etc.tomimicreallife.ExamplesincludeUp(2009,USA),Kung-FuPanda(2008,USA),IceAge(2002,USA).
2Danimationtechniquestendtofocusonimagemanipulationwhile3Dtechniquesusuallybuildvirtualworldsinwhichcharactersandobjectsmoveandinteract.3Danimationcancreateimagesthatseemrealtotheviewer.
Otheranimationtechniques
Drawnonfilmanimation:
atechniquewherefootageisproducedbycreatingtheimagesdirectlyonfilmstock,forexamplebyNormanMcLaren,LenLyeandStanBrakhage.
Paint-on-glassanimation:
atechniqueformakinganimatedfilmsbymanipulatingslowdryingoilpaintsonsheetsofglass,forexamplebyAleksandrPetrov.
Erasureanimation:
atechniqueusingtradition2Dmedium,photographedovertimeastheartistmanipulatestheimage.Forexample,WilliamKentridgeisfamousforhischarcoalerasurefilms,andPiotrDumałaforhisauteurtechniqueofanimatingscratchesonplaster.
Pinscreenanimation:
makesuseofascreenfilledwithmovablepins,