美国建筑设计发展.docx

美国建筑设计发展.docx

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美国建筑设计发展

ReviewingtheDevelopmentof

ModernLandscapeArchitectureinAmerica

1Introduction

Thenewcenturycameintheend,turnofthecentury,acenturyorevenmillenniumreplaceactuallyreplacedinaflash,inthismoment,theUnitedStatesModernLandscapeArchitectureprofessionhasgonethroughanextraordinarycentury.Inthepassingawayofhundredyears,theUnitedStatestheemergenceofmodernlandscapearchitectureanddevelopmenttoguidethedirectionofmodernlandscapearchitecture,andcoversalmostalloftheexploration.Therefore,wehopethatthroughtheirreviewandthinking,canandenlightenment.

2Development

Industrialrevolutionhasbroughtabouttremendousandfar-reachingchangestothe19thcentury,knownasthe"fatherofAmericanlandscapearchitecture"oftheFLOlmstedandVauxdesignedbyBritisharchitect,NewYork'sCentralPark（1858）theconstruction,markingtheordinarylivinglandscapetocome.Asastartingpoint,thelandscapearchitecturefromthepathofindependence,andwithmodernAmericansocietyandthedemocraticprocess,movingfromaverysmallselectionoftraditionalprofessionalintotheworldofhumanlifeforalmostallthescalesinvolvedinthesubject;intheshortshortsbarformorethanacentury,thelandscapeofhumanexperienceinseveraldimensionsgreatlyexpanded.

2.1Theexpansionofthefieldofprofessionalpractice

Andidealasasymbolofaseriesofcityparks（1865ThurmondPhiladelphiaPark,JinShanPark,1870SanFrancisco,Chicago,1871SouthPark,etc.）andthebeginningofmodernlandscapearchitecturepractice,suchasapioneerintheOlmsteadimitative,adheretothewholelandfromthecityandtheperspectiveofthemodernlandscapearchitectureprofessionalpracticeareasofthestartlocation;includingurbanparksandgreenspacesystems,urbanandrurallandscaperoadsystem,residentialareas,schools,realestatedevelopmentandnationalparksplanninganddesignmanagementinthebroadfield.Withthesocialdevelopmentandunderstandingofhumannaturecontinuestoexpand,thepracticeoflandscapearchitectureandfurtherextendtotheentirefieldofhumansettlementsconditions.ModernLandscapeArchitectureinPerspectiveincreasinglyclearthatcompletelychangedtheconceptofpractice,ofcourse,thetraditionalsmall-scaleprivategardensandgardendesigncontinue,andecology,suchaslandplanning,landscapeprotectionandplanning,investigationandassessmentoflandresourcesandlandscapeprotectionmanagementoftheseprofessionalpracticetomakethelandscapearchitectureinamoregenerallevelandmorepublicscaleoperation.Today,asahumansocietygraduallyawayfromthenaturalenvironmenttoanswer,landscapearchitecture,constructionyardwillnolongerbeenlargedversion,butapracticalsubject,coveringalmost10,000peopleandthenaturalenvironmentaspectsoftherelationshipbetweenthepracticeofsubjectarea,itstheoreticalmethodsandsocialresponsibilityalsowillexpandandchange.

2.2clientsandprofessionalpractitionerstoexpand

AmericanModernLandscapeArchitecturefromtheCentralPark,thealreadysmallnumberofpeopleisnolongeraluxuryforadmiration,butthegeneralpublicspaceforphysicalandmentalregeneration.Landscapeintothelivesofordinarypeople,tomeettheaspirationsofordinarypeople,itshouldbesaidthatitwasgiventomodernsocietyanddemocracy.Modernlandscapearchitectureenablesmodernlandscapearchitecture,sociallifewithrealroots,withcontinuousvitalityanddynamism.Withhumanbeingstheprocessofindustrializationandurbanizationmakethedeterioratingnaturalenvironment,thesurvivalandcontinuationofhumanbeingsalsounderthreat.Toenvironmentalissuesincontemporarysocietytohighlightthestatusofthepointofview,themodernlandscapearchitectureservicesisnolongerlimitedtoagroupofman-madeobject,butasahumaninterdependencewithotherspecieswithitselfhasamulti-culturalexistenceofnaturalsystemsinpart,toexpandthevisionofmodernlandscapearchitecturetotheculturalcircleoftheentirehumaninteractionwiththenaturalbiosphereandsustainabledevelopment.

Broadareasofprofessionalpracticetomakethenecessaryprofessionalknowledgelandscapearchitectsincreasinglypresentacomprehensiveandintegratedfeatures.Today,manylandscapearchitectswillberequiredforlandscapearchitecturepractice,extensiveknowledgeandfeelabitembarrassed.Correspondingly,withavarietyofdifferentprofessionalbackgroundstoparticipateinthepracticeoflandscapearchitectureto,ofwhichbothtraditionalgardener,therearearchitects,urbanplanners,botanists,geographers,environmentalandevenpaintersandartistssculptor.Theyhavetheirownuniqueknowledgeandtheprofessionaladvantagesofmodernlandscapearchitecturemakestherichnessofthemulti-scene,toexploreavarietyofprofessionallandscapearchitectureinmodernscienceandartbothindeepeningandexpandtheexperienceoflandscapearchitecturaldesignandmethods.

2.3designelementsanddesignpracticestoexpand

Wasusedasamulti-purposepracticeprofessional,modernlandscapedesignpaletteofmaterialalsoextendstotraditionallandscapedesigncannotimaginethesituation.LandscapeDesignPlantisnolongerthedominantelementofthedominant,butratheranalternativelandscapematerials,land,rocks,water,concrete,bricks,wood,tile,steel,plasticandglassandmanynaturalartificialmaterialinthemodernlandscapedesigncanbeused,eventhelocalhardwarestoreinaformelementplatedfrogalsoappearsinthemodernlandscapeworks.Avant-gardeinthesmall-scaleurbangardendesign,almostnonaturallandscapematerialsgreatlychallengesthetraditionaldefinitionofthelimitationsofthelandscape.

3Evolution

Asthelandscapeisaliving,changingorganism,likethegrowthofthemodernlandscapearchitectureinthepastmorethanacenturyasthedevelopmentofAmericansocietyaschanging,reflectingthesocialrealityofaparticulartime.

3.1naturalisticstyleswingbeginningwith

ThevastterritorytheUnitedStates,changingthenaturallandscapetolandscapedesignhasalmostnaturalpursuitofnaturalism,Olmstedandhisfollowersinacityparksystemplanninganddesigntopromotenaturalism,againstthepursuitofdignityandclearstructureofclassicism.Park-styleattractionsandbeautifulnaturalenvironmentwaspoorcitiesinstarkcontrasttoareturntonaturetomeettheneedsofsociety.However,aftertheU.S.landscapearchitecturethroughtheflashyveneerofTheLateVictorianEclecticLandscape,CityBeautifulMovementandtherevivalofclassicalneo-classicaltrendsandsotransformthestyleofdecadesanddidnotgetoutswinginginthemodernsocietytoadapttheirownway.

3.2Modernism

BeforeandafterWorldWarII,modernartandmodernarchitectureintheoryandworksundertheinfluenceofAmericanmodernistlandscapearchitectureintheso-called"HarvardRevolution"afterforming.Modernistlandscapearchitectureisnotthemostpositivecontributiontotheuseofnewmaterials,butthatfunctionshouldbethestartingpointofthisconceptdesign,modernlandscapearchitectureandthusoutofabeautifuldesignorlandscapetypeTranscendentalism,tothevenueandtherealityofthetimesfit,giventherationalapplicationoflandscapearchitectureandgreatercreativefreedom.AsHarvardRevolution"JamesRosesaid:

"Wecannotliveinthepainting,butasagrouptodesignthelandscapepaintingsofourdailylivesplunderingtheregion'suseoftheopportunity."Heismostconcernedabouttheuseofspace,ratherthanplanningthelandscapedesignorso-calledorder.TheleadersofThomasChurch,Californiaschoolworksisnotreallyencouragingtheorderform,butfreedesignlanguageaswellasdesignitself,thevenuesandthedelicatebalancebetweenemployerrequirements.AnothermasterGarrettEckboModernLandscapeDesignLandscapedesignismoreemphasisonthesocialscale,emphasizinglandscapearchitecture'sroleinpubliclife.Inhisview,"Ifthedesignonlyconsiderbeautiful,isthelackofinherentrationalityoftheluxurycommunity."geometricsenseofordermostofhisworksofDanKileyalsothatthemappingdesignislifeitself,thepursuitofthefunctionwillproducerealart.thebestsymbolofthisaperiodoflandscapedesignandenvironmentalcareforthelandscapearchitectisLawrenceHalprin,hisworkreflectstheprogressofmodernisminallaspectsoflandscapearchitecture,includingthedesignofthesocialroleofnaturalsystemstoadapttostress,aswellasfunctionandprocessoftheformitsimportanceandsoon.He'sanaturalplaceasadramaticlandscapeinspiredurbanplanningofpubliclandscapedesign,urbanlandscapeisnotonlybeautifulbutalsorecreationalplaceforpeopletobecomethecity'sopenspacehuman.60yearssincethe20thcentury,socialdemocracy,broughtaboutthepromotionofpublicparticipationindecision-makingsystemchangesinallaspectsofAmericansociety,landscapearchitectureisalsotrue,butHarpringisadirectsupporterofthischangeandadvocates,areHarpringmadehiscompanyisthedesignprocesstoadapttonewsocialrealities,throughseminarsandinformationfeedback,etc.toachievethewishesofthepublicinvolvedinthedesignsothatthecommunitywasabletolandscapedesignset-up.moderndoctrineofthecommunitythroughlandscapearchitecturedesignfactorsandfeaturestofurtherstressandsocialrealitiesembarkedontheroadsimultaneously.

3.3EcologicalEthics

70yearsbefore,increasinglyconcernedabouttheecologicalenvironment,landscapearchitecture,UniversityofPenn