美国建筑设计发展.docx

1、美国建筑设计发展Reviewing the Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in America 1 Introduction The new century came in the end, turn of the century, a century or even millennium replace actually replaced in a flash, in this moment, the United States Modern Landscape Architecture profession has gone th

2、rough an extraordinary century. In the passing away of hundred years, the United States the emergence of modern landscape architecture and development to guide the direction of modern landscape architecture, and covers almost all of the exploration. Therefore, we hope that through their review and t

3、hinking, can and enlightenment. 2 Development Industrial revolution has brought about tremendous and far-reaching changes to the 19th century, known as the father of American landscape architecture of the FL Olmsted and Vaux designed by British architect, New Yorks Central Park (1858) the constructi

4、on, marking the ordinary living landscape to come. As a starting point, the landscape architecture from the path of independence, and with modern American society and the democratic process, moving from a very small selection of traditional professional into the world of human life for almost all th

5、e scales involved in the subject; in the short shorts bar for more than a century, the landscape of human experience in several dimensions greatly expanded. 2.1 The expansion of the field of professional practice And ideal as a symbol of a series of city parks (1865 Thurmond Philadelphia Park, Jin S

6、han Park, 1870 San Francisco, Chicago, 1871 South Park, etc.) and the beginning of modern landscape architecture practice, such as a pioneer in the Olmstead imitative, adhere to the whole land from the city and the perspective of the modern landscape architecture professional practice areas of the s

7、tart location; including urban parks and green space systems, urban and rural landscape road system, residential areas, schools, real estate development and national parks planning and design management in the broad field. With the social development and understanding of human nature continues to ex

8、pand, the practice of landscape architecture and further extend to the entire field of human settlements conditions. Modern Landscape Architecture in Perspective increasingly clear that completely changed the concept of practice, of course, the traditional small-scale private gardens and garden desi

9、gn continue, and ecology, such as land planning, landscape protection and planning, investigation and assessment of land resources and landscape protection management of these professional practice to make the landscape architecture in a more general level and more public scale operation. Today, as

10、a human society gradually away from the natural environment to answer, landscape architecture, construction yard will no longer be enlarged version, but a practical subject, covering almost 10,000 people and the natural environment aspects of the relationship between the practice of subject area, it

11、s theoretical methods and social responsibility also will expand and change.2.2 clients and professional practitioners to expand American Modern Landscape Architecture from the Central Park, the already small number of people is no longer a luxury for admiration, but the general public space for phy

12、sical and mental regeneration. Landscape into the lives of ordinary people, to meet the aspirations of ordinary people, it should be said that it was given to modern society and democracy. Modern landscape architecture enables modern landscape architecture, social life with real roots, with continuo

13、us vitality and dynamism. With human beings the process of industrialization and urbanization make the deteriorating natural environment, the survival and continuation of human beings also under threat. To environmental issues in contemporary society to highlight the status of the point of view, the

14、 modern landscape architecture services is no longer limited to a group of man-made object, but as a human interdependence with other species with itself has a multi-cultural existence of natural systemsin part, to expand the vision of modern landscape architecture to the cultural circle of the enti

15、re human interaction with the natural biosphere and sustainable development. Broad areas of professional practice to make the necessary professional knowledge landscape architects increasingly present a comprehensive and integrated features. Today, many landscape architects will be required for land

16、scape architecture practice, extensive knowledge and feel a bit embarrassed. Correspondingly, with a variety of different professional backgrounds to participate in the practice of landscape architecture to, of which both traditional gardener, there are architects, urban planners, botanists, geograp

17、hers, environmental and even painters and artistssculptor. They have their own unique knowledge and the professional advantages of modern landscape architecture makes the richness of the multi-scene, to explore a variety of professional landscape architecture in modern science and art both in deepen

18、ing and expand the experience of landscape architectural design and methods.2.3 design elements and design practices to expand Was used as a multi-purpose practice professional, modern landscape design palette of material also extends to traditional landscape design can not imagine the situation. La

19、ndscape Design Plant is no longer the dominant element of the dominant, but rather an alternative landscape materials, land, rocks, water, concrete, bricks, wood, tile, steel, plastic and glass and many naturalartificial material in the modern landscape design can be used, even the local hardware st

20、ore in a form element plated frog also appears in the modern landscape works. Avant-garde in the small-scale urban garden design, almost no natural landscape materials greatly challenges the traditional definition of the limitations of the landscape. 3 Evolution As the landscape is a living, changin

21、g organism, like the growth of the modern landscape architecture in the past more than a century as the development of American society as changing, reflecting the social reality of a particular time. 3.1 naturalistic style swing beginning with The vast territory the United States, changing the natu

22、ral landscape to landscape design has almost natural pursuit of naturalism, Olmsted and his followers in a city park system planning and design to promote naturalism, against the pursuit of dignity andclear structure of classicism. Park-style attractions and beautiful natural environment was poor ci

23、ties in stark contrast to a return to nature to meet the needs of society. However, after the U.S. landscape architecture through the flashy veneer of The Late Victorian Eclectic Landscape, City Beautiful Movement and the revival of classical neo-classical trends and so transform the style of decade

24、s and did not get out swinging in the modern society to adapt their own way.3.2 Modernism Before and after World War II, modern art and modern architecture in theory and works under the influence of American modernist landscape architecture in the so-called Harvard Revolution after forming. Modernis

25、t landscape architecture is not the most positive contribution to the use of new materials, but that function should be the starting point of this concept design, modern landscape architecture and thus out of a beautiful design or landscape type Transcendentalism, to the venue and the reality of the

26、 times fit, given the rational application of landscape architecture and greater creative freedom. As Harvard Revolution James Rose said: We can not live in the painting, but as a group to design the landscape paintings of our daily lives plundering the regions use of the opportunity.He is most conc

27、erned about the use of space, rather than planning the landscape design or so-called order. The leaders of Thomas Church, California school works is not really encouraging the order form, but free design language as well asdesign itself, the venues and the delicate balance between employer requireme

28、nts. Another master Garrett Eckbo Modern Landscape Design Landscape design is more emphasis on the social scale, emphasizing landscape architectures role in public life. In his view, If the designonly consider beautiful, is the lack of inherent rationality of the luxury community. geometric sense of

29、 order most of his works of Dan Kiley also that the mapping design is life itself, the pursuit of the function will produce real art. the best symbol of thisa period of landscape design and environmental care for the landscape architect is Lawrence Halprin, his work reflects the progress of modernis

30、m in all aspects of landscape architecture, including the design of the social role of natural systems to adapt to stress, as well as function and process of the formits importance and so on. Hes a natural place as a dramatic landscape inspired urban planning of public landscape design, urban landsc

31、ape is not only beautiful but also recreational place for people to become the citys open space human. 60 years since the 20th century, social democracy, brought about the promotion of public participation in decision-making system changes in all aspects of American society, landscape architecture i

32、s also true, but Harpring is a direct supporter of this change and advocates, areHarpring made his company is the design process to adapt to new social realities, through seminars and information feedback, etc. to achieve the wishes of the public involved in the design so that the community was able

33、 to landscape design set-up. modern doctrine of the community through landscape architecture designfactors and features to further stress and social realities embarked on the road simultaneously.3.3 Ecological Ethics 70 years before, increasingly concerned about the ecological environment, landscape architecture, University of Penn