最新《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章期末复习.docx

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最新《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章期末复习

ChapteroneIntroduction

1.1什么是语言学

1.1.1定义

语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

1.1.2Thescopeoflinguistics语言学分支必考P2

普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（语音学）

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音位学）

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.（形态学）

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（语义学）

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（语用学）

1.1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics成对的概念辨析差异必考P3

（1）Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写

Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.

规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

描述性Descriptive

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

（2）Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.

历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

（3）Speechandwriting口头语与书面语

Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:

1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.

（4）Langueandparole语言和言语必考名解P4

TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.

语言langue（抽象）

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

言语parole（具体）

Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

（5）Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用

ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.

Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.

语言能力Competence（抽象）

Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

语言运用performance（具体）

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

（6）Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics传统语法和现代语法

ItisgenerallybelievedthatthebeginningofmodernlinguisticswasmarkedbythepublicationofF·deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”intheearly20thcentury.Beforethatistraditionalgrammar.

Differencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.

Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

（Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。

）

1.2什么是语言

1.2.1定义

语言language：

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

1.2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage必考P8

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性（创造性）

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Culturaltransmission文化传递

⑴arbitrariness

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions

⑵Productivity

Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.

⑶Duality

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.

⑷Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

⑸Culturaltransmission

Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.

1.2.3Functionsoflanguage语言的功能

Descriptivefunction,expressivefunction,socialfunction

SixelementsofaspeecheventspecifiedbyJakobson:

Addresser-Emotive感情功能

Addressee-Conative意动功能

Context-Referential所指功能

Message-Poetic诗歌功能

Contact-Phaticcommunion寒暄功能

Code-Metalinguistic无语言功能

ChapterTwoPhonology

2.2Phonetics（语音学）

2.2.1定义

Phonetics:

thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音

2.2.2Organsofspeech

3个区域：

thepharyngealcavity咽腔-thethroat，theoralcavity口腔-themouth，nasalcavity鼻腔-thenose

清音Voiceless

Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.

浊音Voicing

Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.

2.2.3宽式音标和严式音标

宽式音标Broadtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.

严式音标Narrowtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.

送气Aspirated

不送气Unaspirated

2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类

Vowelandconsonant元音辅音

Vowel

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.

ClassificationofEnglishconsonants

a:

intermsofthemannersofarticulation（发音方式）:

Stops（爆破音）:

pbtdkg6

Fricatives（摩擦音）:

/f//v//θ//ð//s//z//ʃ//ʒ/h//r/8

Affricatives（塞擦音）:

/tʃ//dʒ/

Liquids（清音）:

/l//r/

Nasals（鼻音）:

/m,n,η/

Glides（滑音）:

/wj/

b:

intermsofplaceofarticulation（发音部位）

bilabials（双唇音）:

/pbmw/

labiodentals（唇齿音）:

/fv/

dentals（齿音）:

/ð//θ/

alveolars（齿龈音）:

/tdnlrs/6

palatals（腭音）:

/jʃʒtʃd/5

velars（软腭音）:

/kgη/

glottal（喉音）:

/h/

ClassificationofEnglishvowels

a:

thepositionofthetoneinmouth:

front,central,back,

b:

theopennessofthemouth:

closedsemi-closedsemi-openandopen.

c:

theshapeofthelips:

roundedandunrounded

d:

thelengthofthevowels:

tenseandlaxorlongandshort

2.3Phonplogy音位学

2.3.2Phone,phonemeandallophone

音素Phone

aphoneticunitorsegment.

音位Phoneme

acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.

音位变体Allophones

Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

2.3.4explainthesequentialruleandtheassimilationrule.

序列规则Sequentialrules

Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.

同化规则Assimilationrules

Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby’copying’afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

省略规则Deletionrule

It’saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.

2.3.5Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征

重音Stress

声调Tone

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

语调Intonation

ChapterThreeMorphology形态学

3.2Openclassandclosedclass

Openclasswords实词，词数可增加

Closedclasswords虚词，词数稳定

3.3Morphemes词素

词素Morpheme

Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

自由词素FreeMorpheme

Freemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.

黏着词素Boundmorphemes

Boundmorphemesarethesemorphemesthatcanotbeusedbythemselves,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.

3.4

词根Root

Rootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

词缀Affix

Thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.

3.5Derivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorpheme

派生Deriv