考研英语真题二附答案.docx

考研英语真题二附答案.docx

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考研英语真题二附答案

2011年考研英语

（二）真题（完整版）

SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions：

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.

　　Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?

　　Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

　　Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment.

　　GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

　　12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13community.

　　Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.

　　Still,theadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.

　　Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1．

A.swept

B.skipped

C.walked

D.riddenD

2．

A.for

B.within

C.while

D.thoughB

3．

A.careless

B.lawless

C.pointless

D.helplessD

4．

A.reason

B.reminder

promise

D.proposalC

5．

rmation

B.interference

C.entertainment

D.equivalentD

6．

A.by

B.into

C.from

D.overB

7．

A.linked

B.directed

C.chained

paredC

8．

A.dismiss

B.discover

C.create

D.improveC

9．

A.recall

B.suggest

C.select

D.realizeC

10．

A.relcased

B.issued

C.distributed

D.deliveredB

11．

A.carry on 

B.linger on

C.set in 

D.log inD

12．

A.In vain

B.In effect

C.In return 

D.In contrastB

13．

A.trusted

B.modernized

c.thriving

petingA

14．

A.caution

B.delight

C.confidence

D.patienceB

15．

A.on

B.after

C.beyond

D.acrossD

16．

A.divided

B.disappointed

C.protected

D.unitedC

17．

A.frequestly

B.incidentally

C.occasionally

D.eventuallyD

18．

A.skepticism

B.relerance

C.indifference

D.enthusiasmA

19．

A.manageable

B.defendable

C.vulnerable

D.invisibleC

20．

A.invited

B.appointed

C.allowed

D.forcedC

SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text1

　　RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:

ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?

ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

　　Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

　　TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

　　Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

　　21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.C

　　[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

　　[B]failingtofulfillherduty

　　[C]refusingtomakecompromises

　　[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

　　22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.D

　　[A]generousinvestors

　　[B]unbiasedexecutives

　　[C]sharepriceforecasters

　　[D]independentadvisers

　　23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.C

　　[A]becomemorestable

　　[B]reportincreasedearnings

　　[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

　　[D]performworseinlawsuits

　　24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.A

　　[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

　　[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

　　[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

　　[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

　　25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.A

　　[A]permissive

　　[B]positive

　　[C]scornful

　　[D]critical

Text2

　　Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

　　Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

　　Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

　　Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

　　Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

　　26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”（Lines3-4,Para.1）,theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.D

　　[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

　　[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

　　[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

　　[D]wereinadesperatesituation

　　27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.C

　　[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

　　[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

　　[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

　　[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

　　28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.C

　　[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

　　[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

　　[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

　　[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership