赤泥作为化学稳定剂解决土壤有毒金属污染英文翻译资料.docx

赤泥作为化学稳定剂解决土壤有毒金属污染英文翻译资料.docx

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赤泥作为化学稳定剂解决土壤有毒金属污染英文翻译资料

WaterAirSoilPollut（2012）223:

1237–1247

DOI10.1007/s11270-011-0940-4

V.Feigl（*）:

K.Gruiz

BudapestUniversityofTechnologyandEconomics,

1111SzentGellérttér4,

Budapest,Hungary

e-mail:

vfeigl@mail.bme.hu

A.Anton:

N.Uzigner

ResearchInstituteforSoilScienceandAgricultural

ChemistryoftheHungarianAcademyofSciences,

1022HermanOttóu.15,

Budapest,Hungary

wasteproduct,sinceithasmanypotentialreuse

applications,whichcouldhelpreducetheamountof

storageneededforthisby-product.Potentialconstruction

andchemicalapplicationsincludeusesin

buildingconstruction,catalystsupport,ceramics,

plastics,andcoatingsorpigments.Metallurgical

applicationsincludeusesinrecoveryofmajorand

minormetals,steelmaking,andasaslagadditive.

Environmentalandagronomicapplicationsinclude

usesinwaterandwastetreatment,gasscrubbing,and

assoilamendment（Klauberetal.2009）.For

example,theapplicationofredmudtosoilcan

potentiallyreducetheeutrophicationofriversand

waterwaysbyretainingnutrients,especiallyphosphate,

oninfertilesandysoils.Summersetal.（1993）

treatedsandysoilwith80t/haofredmudneutralized

withwastegypsumandreducedphosphorouslosses

by70%.WardandSummers（1993）concludedthat

neutralizationwithgypsumisunnecessaryforapplication

topasturelandatlessthan100t/ha.Summers

etal.（1996）recommendedanoptimalredmud

applicationrate（withoutgypsum）of10–20t/hato

reducephosphorusleachingandnotedthatthe

improvednutrientretentioncontinuesforatleast

5yearsafterfertilizerapplication.

Redmudmayalsobeappliedtosoiltoimmobilize

metalsbychemicalstabilization.Phillips（1998）

foundthatredmudmixedintosandhasagreater

abilitytosorbCu2+,Pb2+,andZn2+ionsthando

zeoliteandcalciumphosphate.MüllerandPluquet

（1998）showedthatredmudcanreducethesoluble

amountofZnandCdby50%andreducethemetals

uptakeofplantsby20–50%.However,inafieldtrial,

theyobservedlowerimmobilizingefficacyonthe

metalconcentrationsinplantsandsoilextracts.They

concludedthattheredmudusedintheexperiments

containedexcessiveconcentrationsofCrandAl,

whichmadeitunsuitableforsoilremediation.In

contrast,Grayetal.（2006）usedredmudwithaCr

concentrationof1,377mg/kgforstabilizationof

metalsinsoilandnotedthatCrwasnotsolubleor

availableforplantswhenmixedintosoil.Although

thisissuemaybeimportantforCr-containingred

muds,thereareanumberofredmudsthatdonot

containchromiumorothertoxicmetals.

Lombietal.（2002a,b）comparedtheperformance

ofredmud（fromMosonmagyaróvár,Hungary）,lime,

andberingiteasstabilizersforCd-,Pb-,Zn-,Cu-,and

Ni-contaminatedsoilandfoundthatallweresimilarly

effectiveinreducingthemetalconcentrationsinthe

soilporewater.Infact,only2%（w/w）ofredmudwas

neededtobeaseffectiveas5%（w/w）beringite;also,

themicrobialbiomassofthesoilsignificantlyincreased

inthepresenceofredmud.Theredmud

shiftedmetalsinsoilfromtheexchangeable（ionic）

fractiontotheFeoxidefraction,whichmayresultina

moredurabledecreaseinmetalmobilitythanliming.

Brownetal.（2005）showedthatredmud（from

Mosonmagyaróvár,Hungary）canreduceammonium

nitrate-extractable,water-extractable,andbioavailable

ZnandCd,butdoesnotaffectPb.Inafield

experimentusing5%redmud,Grayetal.（2006）

foundeffective（70–96%）reductionsofmetalssuchas

Zn,Cd,andNiinporewaterandsoilextracts.No

significantPbreductionswereobservedinthefirst

5months,butbythe25thmonth,Pbwasimmobilized.

Friesletal.（2004,2006,2009）conductedseveral

potandfieldexperimentswithredmudfrom

Mosonmagyaróvár.Their2004resultsweresimilar

tothoseofLombietal.（2002a）,buttheyalsofound

thatredmudappliedat5%（w/w）increasedthe

ammoniumnitrate-extractableAs,Cu,Cr,andVin

soil.Intheir2006fieldexperiment,theyshowedthat

redmudappliedapproximately15cmbelowthesoil

surfacecanreducetheammoniumnitrate-extractable

Cd,Zn,andPbupto99%butthatdeeperapplication

maybeneededtoreduceplantmetaluptake.Finally,

in2009,Friesletal.concludedthatredmudand

gravelsludge（afine-grainedwasteproductofthe

gravelindustryconsistingof40–65%SiO2,10–

14%Al2O3,3–7%Fe2O3,5–12%CaO,and4–6%

MgOatpH8.2）,incombinationwithametalexcluding

barleycultivar（Hordeumdistichonssp.L.）,

performedmosteffectivelyasastabilizerforthe

metal-contaminatedsoilatanexperimentalsitein

Arnoldstein,Austria.

Theapplicationofredmudonminewasteand

metal-contaminatedsoilshasbeenintegratedintoa

complexriskmanagementactivityandisoneofthe

riskreductionmeasuresthatwillbeimplementedina

largecatchment.Thecomplexremediationconcept

involvestheremovalofthepointsourcesandtreating

thediffusepollutionwithacombinationofchemical

stabilizationandphytostabilization（Gruizetal.

2009a）.Tofindthesuitableredmudconcentration

andplantcombination,anumberofresearchershave

conductedlaboratorysoilmicrocosmexperiments

（Feigletal.2007,2009;AntonandBarna2008）.

1238WaterAirSoilPollut（2012）223:

1237–1247

Theexperimentdescribedinthispaperintroduces

theremediationofmetal-contaminatedsoilsusingred

mudforchemicalstabilization/immobilizationfollowed

byphytostabilization.The2-yearstudyfocuses

onlong-termresultsinlaboratorysoilmicrocosms.

2MaterialsandMethods

2.1Materials

Duringthe2-yearstudy,weevaluatedthestabilization

performanceofredmudfromAlmásfüzitő,Hungary

ontoxic,metal-contaminatedsoilsandminewastes

fromtheformerPbandZnsulfideoreminein

Gyöngyösoroszi,Hungary（Gruizetal.2009a）.The

AlmásfüzitőredmudhasarelativelylowpH（9.0）

comparedtomostredmuds,whichgenerallyhavepH

ofapproximately11.3（Gräfeetal.2009）.The

Almásfüzitőredmudalsohaslowtoxicmetalcontent

（belowtheHungarianqualitycriteriaforsewage

sludgeapplicationonsoil,asstipulatedinGovernment

DecreeNo.50/2001）comparedtothehighly

alkalineredmudswithhighCrcontentusedinsome

ofthestudiesdiscussedinSection1.Characteristics

oftheredmud,soil,andminewastearepresentedin

Table1.

Thesoiloriginatedfromanagriculturalarea

downstreamoftheformermineandisheavily

contaminatedwithtoxicmetals,especiallymobile

CdandZn.Contaminationistheresultofsevere

floodingoftheTokacreek,whichtransportsthe

metalsfromtheabandonedmine.Theminewaste

originatedfromwasterockheapsnearthemain

entranceofthemine.Thesepartlyuncoveredwaste

depositshavebeenexposedtointensiveweathering

formorethan40years,resultinginacidification,

leaching,andoxidation.

2.2SoilTreatment

Ourtestsamplesconsistedofthreereplicatesplaced

in2kgplasticplantpots.Testsamplesincludeda

control（withnoamendment）minewasteandcontaminated

soil,andeachmixedwith2%and5%（w/w）

redmud.Allwereincubatedat25°C,mixed,and

wateredto60%oftheirwater-holdingcapacityevery

secondmonthandaftersampling.Thesoilwas

sampledandanalyzedforcomplexchemicaland

biologicalprocesses.Short-termchangesweremonitored

bysamplingat0,10,20,and45daysafter

amendment,andlong-termeffectsweremonitored

after9monthsand2years.

2.3IntegratedMonitoring

Wemonitoredthedecreasedmobility,solubility,

andbioavailabilityoftoxicmetalsintheamended

soilsamplesusingamethodologythatintegrates

physical–chemicalanalysisandecotoxicitytesting

（Gruizetal.2005,2009b）（Fig.1）.Weevaluatedthe

resultsofchemicalanalysisandtoxicitymeasurements

todeterminewhethertheadditionofredmud

couldreducethemobility,bioavailability,andrisks

posedbypollutantsinthesoiland,hence,whether

redmudcouldbeusedasastabilizingagentforthe

Gyöngyösorosziminewaste.Gruizetal.（2005）

postulatedthattheactualrisksposedbyamixtureof

variousmetalsandtheirspeciescanbebetter

characterizedbymeasuringadversebiologicaland

toxicologicaleffects.Planttoxicityandbioaccumulation

measurementswereusedtocharacterizethe

dynamicinteractionsbetweentheredmud,the

treatedmedium,andthelivingorganismsandto

providedirectinformationontheactualadverse

effectsofthepollutantsbeforeandafterremediation.

2.3.1SamplePreparation

Topreparesoilsamplesfortheintegratedmonitoring,

weair-dried,ground,andsieved（2-mmsieve）thesoil

samplesaccordingtoHungarianStandard21470-

50:

2006.

2.3.2ChemicalAnalysis

Topredictmobilemetalsconcentrations,weused

HungarianStandardHS21978-9:

1998andanalyzed

bothdistilledwaterextract（pH7.0;1:

10soil

extractantratio;agitationfor4hat25°C）and

ammoniumacetateextract（pH4.5;1:

10soilextractant

ratio;agitationfor4hat25°C）.Wecharacterized

Asmobilityusingitsconcentrationinthesodium

hydroxideandsodiumcarbonateextract（1:

0.56mol;

pH7.5;1:

20soilextractantratio;1hat90°C）（HS

21470-50:

2006）.Wemeasuredthetotalmetalscontent

afteraquaregiadigestion（3:

1hydrochloricacid–

nitricacidratio;1:

4soilextractantratio;2hat25°C;

WaterAirSoilPollut（2012）223:

1237–12471239

Table1CharacteristicsofredmudfromAlmásfüzitő,contaminatedagriculturalsoil,andminewaste

ParameterHQCfor

soila

HQCfor

sludgeb

RedmudAgriculturalsoilMinewaste

Aquaregia

extract

Ammoniumacetate

extract

Water

extract

Aquaregia

extract

Ammoniumacetate

extract

Water

extract

Aquaregia

extract

Am