参考语法中的时态部分.docx

参考语法中的时态部分.docx

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参考语法中的时态部分

ChapterThirteen

Theverbphrase（5）:

Tenseandaspect

APresentandpasttense,progressiveandperfectiveaspect

13.1

TherearetwomaintensesinEnglish—presentandpast.Eachtensecanhaveasimpleform;andeachcanbecombinedwitheitherprogressiveaspectorwithperfectiveaspect,orwithboth,thus:

PRESENTPAST

a.simple:

IplayIplayed

b.progressive:

IamplayingIwasplaying

c.perfect:

IhaveplayedIhadplayed

d.perfect-progressive:

IhavebeenplayingIhadbeenplaying

Thosearetheformsfortheactivevoice.Theformsforthepassiveare:

a.IamaskedIwasasked

b.IambeingaskedIwasbeingasked

c.IhavebeenaskedIhadbeenasked

d.（Theperfect-progressiveisrarelyusedinthepassive.）

Waysofreferringtothefuturearcdealtwithin13.25—36.

stativeverbs

13.2

Stativeverbsarenormallyfoundonlyinthenon-progressiveforms.Stativeverbsinclude:

aBEandHAVE,asin

IGoaway.Wearebusy.Wehavealotofworktodo.

ButBEmeaning‘act（inacertainway）’,andHAVEmeaningsomethingotherthan‘possess’,canbeusedintheprogressive,e.g.:

2Waitforme.Youarebeingimpatient.（=actingimpatiently）Iamstillhavingmybreakfast.

APresentandpasttense,progressiveandperfectiveaspect

bverbswhichcontaintheideaofbeingorhaving,e.g.

APPLYTOmeaning‘betrueof’or‘havereferenceto’

BELONGTOmeaning‘bethepropertyof’

COMPAREmeaning‘belike’or‘beasgoodas’

CONCERNmeaning‘beofimportanceto’

CONTAINmeaning‘have’or‘hold’

COSTmeaning‘beequalinvalueto’

DEPENDONmeaning‘hedependenton’

DESERVEmeaning‘heworthyof

DIFFERFROMmeaning‘bedifferentfrom’

EXISTmeaning‘be’

HOLDmeaning‘have’

INTERESTmeaning‘beinterestingfor’

MATTERmeaning‘beofimportance’

MEASUREmeaning‘beofacertainlengthetc.’

OWNmeaning‘have’

POSSESSmeaning‘have’

RESEMBLEmeaning‘belike’

STANDFORmeaning‘beasubstitutefor’

WEIGHmeaning‘beofacertainweight’

Examples:

3Thisruleappliestoeveryone.

4Thiscamerabelongstome.

5Myrosesdonotcomparewithyours

7Howmuchdoesthisbookcost?

8Whetherthemeetingwillbehe1dornotdependsonyou.

6Thismatterconcernsyou.Ithink.

9Ihopeyouwin.Youcertainlydeserveto.

10Myanswerdiffersfromyoursineverydetail.

IIMammothsdonotexistinthemodernworld.

12Howmanypeopledoesthishailhold?

13Archaeologyinterestsmeverymuch.

14Itdoesn’tmattertomewhetheryoulikeitornot.

15Thisroommeasuresfivemetresbyfour.

16Manpeopleinthiscountryownthehousestheylivein.

17IowesuchqualitiesasIpossesstomyparents.

18Georgeresembleshisfatherinthewayhewalks.

19Thesign+standsforplus.

20Iweighsixty-fivekilos.Howmuchdoyou（weigh）?

Someoftheverbsinexamples[3-201canalsorefertoactivity,inwhichcasetheycanfreelybeusedintheprogressive,e.g.

21Iamapplying（=makingapplication）toyouforassistance.

22Iamapplyingthisointmenttothewoundtoeasethepain.

23Inthisbook,theauthoriscomparingXwithY.

24Wearedepending（relying）onyoutohelpus.

25Holdyouranout--I’mjustmeasuringyoursleeve.

26You’renotholdingyourarmoutstraight.

27Inthedisasterarea,Peopleareexisting（=keepingthemselvesalive）onwhatscrapsoffoodtheycanfind.

cverbsreferringtoaninvoluntaryreactionofthesenses:

feelhearseesmelltaste

HEARandSEErefertoinvoluntaryreactionswhichcorrespondtothedeliberateactsoflisteningandlooking.FEELSMELLandTASTEcanrefertoboththeinvoluntaryreactionandtothevoluntary,deliberateact.Thus:

VOLUNTARYINVOLUNTARY

I’mlisteningtoyouIhearyou

I’mlookingatyouIseeyou

I’mfeelingthisCushionIfeelapininitsomewhere

I’msmellingthisflowerIsmellgas.Itsmellsawful

I’mtastingthissoupItastepepper.Ittasteshot.

CANoftenoccursbeforethefiveverbsintherighthandColumn,e.g.ICanhear,see,feel,smelltastesomething.FEELcanoccurfreelyinthesimpletenseorintheprogressivewhenitreferstoone’sownphysicalcondition,asin

don’tfeelhungry

28I‘mnotfeelingverytired

Well

dverbsreferringtomentaloremotionalstates:

assumebelievecareconsiderdetest

envyfearfeel（=think）find（=consider）forget

hatehoperegretremembersuggest

supposethinkunderstandwantwishknowlike

lovemeanmindnoticeexpectimagineprefer

Noticethedifferencebetweenthefollowingpairs:

29aWeconsider（=believe）himtobeveryloyal.

bWeareconsidering（=studying）yourapplication.

30aIexpect（=suppose）you’rerathertired.

bIamexpecting（=waitingfor）avisitor.

3laIfeel（=think）you’reright.

bI’mfeelingveryhungry.

32aDoesanyonemind（=object）ifIopenthewindow?

bIsanyoneminding（=lookingafter）thebabywhileyou’reout?

33aIthink（believe）he’scrazy.

bBequiet.I’mthinking（=givingthoughttoaproblem）.

13.3

Notethatstativeverbsdonotnormallyoccurintheprogressive.Butitispossibleforanyofthemtobeusedintheprogressiveprovidedthespeakerisemphasizingtheideaofanuncompletedinvoluntaryact,orincompletephysicalormentalstate,asin

34Somethingiswrongwithmyeyes.I’mseeingdouble.

35I’mforgetting（=beginningtoforget）myFrench.

36Nowwe’reunderstanding（beginningtounderstand）thisalittlebetter.

13.4

Alltheexamplesin13.2and3areinthepresenttense.Thesameverbscouldequallywellbeusedinthepast,orinthepresentandpastperfect,e.g.Thiswatchbelongedtomyfatther.Thisfarmhasa/warsbelongedtoourfamily.

Actionverbs

13.5

Actionverbscanfreelyoccurintheprogressiveaswellasinthenon-progressiveforms.Theyincludeverbsreferringto

aActivityhavingduration,e.g.WRITE（alettertosomeone）,READ,WORK.PLAY,WALK,RUN,etc.:

37Pleasebequiet.I’mwritinganimportantletter.

Theretheprogressivereferstowritingthatisinprogress.

bACHANGEOFSTATEORPOSITION.Averbinthisgroupmightbeoneofthecopulasreferringtoachangeofstate,e.g.GET,BECOME,GROW,TURN,asin

38Weareallbecoming/growingolder:

oritmightbeaverblikeARRIVE,DROWNDIE.Notethat

39Theyarearriving/drowning/dying.

meansTheyarebeginningtoarrivesetc.’:

itdoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthearriving,drowning,dyingareaccomplished.

cAMOMENTARYACT.e.g.WRITE（thelettere）,OPENorCLOSE（abookoradoor）,PUT（somethingonthetable）,HIT,JUMP,BARK,andsoon..NotethatIamopeningthedoorwouldonlymakesenseifitwereacommentarymadeduringveryslowmotion,orifthespeakerwereopening（andshutting）thedoorrepeatedly（orifhewerereferringtothefuture.asin13.34）:

andnotethatIamjumping,whenitreferstothepresent,means‘Iamgivingaseriesofjumps’.Theideaofaseriesofmomentaryactsisconveyedin

40Hurryup.Thecaretakerisclosingallthedoors.

Progressiveaspect

13.6

TheprogressivethereforeconveystheideaofACTIVITYWHICHHASBEBUNBUTISNOTCOMPLETED.Thisincompleteactivitycanbecontinuous,asin[37],[38]and[39].oritmayconsistofanuncompletedseriesofacts.asin[40].Whether,inactualfact,theactivityorseriesiscompletedornot,isirrelevant:

WHATISIMPORTANTISTHAT,INUSINGTHEPROGRESSIVE,THESPEAKERISCONCERNEDWITHTHEUNCOMPLETEDPARTOFIT,ORTHETEMPORARYDURATIONOFIT.

Simplepresent

13.7

Thesimplepresentisusedwithstativeverbsandwithactionverbsifthespecialemphasisdescribedin13.6isnotintended,whenthespeakerisreferringtothefollowingaspectsoftime:

aALLORANYTIMEnotseparatedfromthepresent:

41Paintcontainsacertainamountoflead.

42TheRhineflowsbetweenGermanyandFrance.

bTHEPRESENTPERIODasdistinctfromthepast.Inthiscase,thespeakermaybethinkingeitherofanactivitythatContinuesthroughouttheperiod,asin[43],orofawholeseriesofactsperformedthroughouttheperiod,asin[44]:

43Iliveinthecountry.

44WeallspeakEnglishathome;

cTHEPRESENTMOMENT,asin[45]:

45Thistape-recorderiseasytowork..WatchwhatIdo.Iswitchiton,pressthisbuttonanditstarts.

Switch,pressandstartsin[45]refertomomentaryacts（13.5c）consideredascompletedatthemomentofspeaking.In[45],theyareexamplesofaMOMENTARYPRESENT,whereasin

46I（always）switchoffallthelightsbeforeIgotobed.

switchandgo,likespeakin[44].areexamplesoftheHABITUALPRESENT.Thehabitualpresentisoftenreinforcedbyanadverboffrequency,e.g.always,thoughsuchadverbscanalsobeusedwiththeprogressive,asweshallseebelow（13.8）;

dTHEPRESENTMOMENT,asin[47—50]:

47Ideclarethemeetingopen.（formalremarkbytheChairman）

48Ipronounceyoumanandwife.（ataweddingceremony）

49Wegladlyacceptyouroffer.（declarationofacceptance）

50IwishyouallaveryhappyNewYear.

ThoseareexamplesofDECLARATIONS.Thefollowingareamongtheverbsthatcanbesimilarlyused:

forbidofferadmireconfesspromise

agreeconfirmguessproposeapologize

congratulatemaintainsuggestnote

approveexcusesympathizecalculateexpress

However,allthoseverbscanbefreelyusedintheprogressiveiftheemphasisdescribedin13.6isintended.Thuswecancompare

51Iadmireyourcourage

with

52Waitforme.I’madmiringthiswonderfulview;

eFUTURETIME,intemporalandconditionalclauses:

53Mr.Xwilltelephoneyouassoonashereturns.

54Thepolicewilltakeyourcarawayifyouparkitthere.

55Themeetingwillbeheldoutofdoorsunlessitrains;

fPASTTIMEinnewspaperheadlines,sometimesinnarrati