上海高考英语完形填空真题 +答案.docx

上海高考英语完形填空真题 +答案.docx

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上海高考英语完形填空真题+答案

2017年上海高考英语真题

2016年

Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively（本能地）51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.

Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervision（监督，管理）iftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbe（imposesthonsb把…强加给某人）imposedfrom54withoutconsultation（咨询）.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian（专制的）managers.

Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof55people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollective（集体的，共同的）opinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.

Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative（首创精神，主动权）,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisempowerment（授权）hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:

60thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layering（减少员工层）inthisway,acompanymaybe61withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation（委托）muchfurtherthanhas62beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.

Anothertrendisoff-site（不在现场的）or64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.

51.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislike

52.A.contraryB.expectationC.degreeD.extreme

53.A.viceversaB.forexampleC.howeverD.otherwise

（反过来也是一样的）

54.A.outsideB.insideC.belowD.above

55.A.replacingB.assessingC.managingD.encouraging

（评价，估价）

56.A.referB.contributeC.objectD.apply

（~+to有助于）

57.A.agreementB.practiceC.electionD.impression

58.A.bossyB.experiencedC.westernD.male

59.A.askingB.trainingC.warningD.firing

60.A.doublingB.maintainingC.reducingD.estimating

61.A.honoredB.leftC.crowdedD.compared

62.A.economicallyB.traditionallyC.inadequatelyD.occasionally

（不够地，不够好地）

63.A.denyB.admitC.assumeD.ensure

（假定，承担）

64.A.virtualB.ineffectiveC.day-to-dayD.on-the-scene

65.A.opinionB.riskC.performanceD.attractiveness

2015年

Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutriedtodeterminetheirmeaning,youwouldnotdetect（探测，察觉）interestinromanceamongtheartists.   51,youwouldseeplentyofanimalswithpeoplerunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeople’searnedtocenteron（集中在）huntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.

Inmoderntimes,whenfoodisavailableingrocerystores,findingloveismore   52   inpeople’slives.The   53   isallaroundus.Itiseasytopreparealistofmodernstorieshavingtodowithlove.Anendlessnumberofbooksandmoviesqualifyas（作为…合适）lovestoriesinpopularculture.

Researchersarestudyingwhetherlove,ahighlyvaluedemotionalstate,canbe   54.Theyask,whatislove?

Toothpastecompanieswantustothinkattractionisallaboutcleanteeth,butcleanteethgoonlysofar.Scientistswonderhowmuchthebraingetsinvolved.Youhaveprobablyheardthatoppositesattractbutthat   55   attract,too.Onethingiscertain:

Thetruthaboutloveisnotyetsetinstone.（一层不变，板上钉钉）

FirstImpression

Tohelpdeterminethe   56   ofattraction,researcherspaired164collegeclassmatesandhadthemtalkfor3,6or10minutessotheycouldgetasenseofeachother’sindividuality.Thenstudentswereaskedto   57   whatkindofrelationshiptheywerelikelytobuildwiththeirpartners.Afternineweeks,theyreportedwhathappened.

Asitturnedout,their   58   judgmentsoftenheldtrue.Studentsseemedto   59   atanearlystagewhowouldbestfitintotheirlives.

The   60   Knows

Scientistshavealsoturnedtononhumanstoincreaseunderstandingofattraction.Manyanimalsgiveoffpheromones（信息激素） — naturalchemicalsthatcanbedetectedby,andthencanproducearesponsein,otheranimalsofthesamespecies.Pheromonescansignalthatananimaliseitherreadytofightorisfeeling   61   topartnerships.Incontrast,humansdonotseemtobeas   62   asotheranimalsatdetectingsuchchemicals.Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapartinhumanattraction.Althoughwemaynotbeawareofchemicalslikepheromonesconsciously,wegiveandreceiveloadsofinformationthroughsmellineveryinteractionwithotherpeople.

FaceValue

Beingfondofsomeoneseemstohaveanumberoffactors,includingseeingsomethingwefindattractive.Researchershadpeoplejudgefacesfor   63.Theparticipantshad0.013secondstovieweachface,yetsomehowtheygenerallyconsideredtheimagesthesameaspeoplewhohadmoretimetostudythesamefaces.Thewaywe   64   attractivenessseemtobesomewhatautomatic.

Whenshownanattractivefaceandthenwordswithgoodorbadassociations,peoplerespondedto   65   wordsfasterafterviewinganattractiveface.Seeingsomethingattractiveseemstocausehappythinking.

51.A.Instead       B.Therefore     C.Moreover    D.Otherwise

52.A.romantic            B.stressful       C.central             D.beneficial

53.A.priority           B.proof             C.possibility        D.principle

（原则，原理）

54.A.tested             B.imposed      C.changed      D.created

55.A.appearances        B.virtues             C.similarities      D.passions

56.A.illustrations     B.implications  C.ingredients     D.intentions

（暗示，含意）（配料，材料）

57.A.predict           B.investigate     C.diagnose       D.recall

（判断）

58.A.critical           B.initial          C.random            D.mature

（批评的，决定性的）

59.A.memorize         B.distinguish     C.negotiate     D.question

（谈判，协商）

60.A. Nose            B. Eye          C. Heart       D. Hand

61.A.open              B.alert          C.resistant           D.superior

（警觉的，灵敏的）

62.A.disappointed    B.amazed        C.confused      D.gifted

63.A.emotions             B.attractiveness    C.individuality   D.signals

64.A.enhance          B.possess       C.maintain           D.assess

65.A.familiar                B.plain            C.positive            D.insulting

（侮辱的）

2014年

Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple__51__.

Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe__52__dowithit?

Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.

Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?

Arewejustnatural__54__,ofbothtimeandwords?

Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacingupto（敢于面对）thereallyimportantissuesoflife?

It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues.

Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.（超自然的）Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolved（进化）amongwomen.Wedon'tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalk,arguesDunbar—__57__,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.

Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates（灵长类动物）likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming（打扮，梳理毛发，新郎，马夫）--cleaningthefurbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit.

Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.

Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore__64__kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal（有声的）groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbep