欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记全十章.docx

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欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记全十章

自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)

2006/09/0517:

45?

北京自考热线

1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting(组成)EuropeanCulture.

2、Therearetwomajorelements:

Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

3、Therichness(丰富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

  第一章

1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依赖)animmense(无限的)amountofslavelabour.

3、Olympusmount,Revivedin1896(当代奥运会)

4、AncientGreece(古希腊)‘sepicswascreatedbyHomer.

5、TheeventsofHomer‘sowntime.(错)

(TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime,probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)

  6、TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.

  7、Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareinIliad.

  8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.

  9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses(描述一天的生活)。

Inthe20thcentury.

  10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.

  11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus

  《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》

  ②Sophocles(之首)

  《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)447页

  ③Euripides

  A.《TrojanWomen》

  B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物

  C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)

  D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.

  Tobespecific(具体来说),Euripides.

  12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页

  Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派(Thelakers)华兹华兹

  13、History(Historicalwriting)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)

  ※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)

  ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒,3

  只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。

  ※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最伟大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta,AthensandSyracuse)

  14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.

  15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)

  16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收

17、①Euclid‘sElements解析几何

  ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(历史地位)

  ②Archimedes

  Hisworknotonlyingeometry几何学,butalsoinarithmetic算术,mechanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学

  选择:

Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论(Archimedes)

  18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon巴台农神庙①TheDoricstyle

  isalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏伟的)(陶立克式的〔纯朴、古老的希腊建筑风格〕)

  buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)

  issturdy(坚强的),powerful,severe-looking(庄严肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.

  ②TheIonicstyle(爱奥尼亚式的)

  isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(阴柔的)

  isgraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的)。

  TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)

  ③TheCorinthianstyle((古希腊)科林斯(式)的)

  isknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)

  19、Thefamoustemples:

TheAcropolis(雅典的卫城)atAthensandtheParthenon.

  20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.

  21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)

  22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.

  Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.

  23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.

  24、TheRomanwriterHorace(贺拉斯〔公元前65-8年,罗马诗人〕)said“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。

  25、Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.

  26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:

republicandempire.

  27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.

  28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.

  29、north:

Scotland

east:

Armenia(亚美尼亚)andMesopotamia(美索不达米亚)

  30、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)

  31、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)

  32、名解IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana

  33、TheRomanLawprotected(保护)therightsofplebeians(平民)。

  34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.

  35、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantine拜占廷的,东罗马帝国的Empire)andWest.

  36、Cicero西赛罗hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的

  anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)

  37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries批评论“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”

  38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德

  39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.(古希腊、罗马供奉众神的)万神殿

  Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

  40、TheColosseum(大理石像)isanenormous.露天的环形影剧院

  41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)

  42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

  43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式

  论述简答

  一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece?

(名解简答)

  (Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece?

Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy?

  答:

①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.

  ②Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.

  二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?

  答:

①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.

  ②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.

  A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.

  B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.

  C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.

  ③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

  ④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Whereverhewentandconquered,whereverGreekculturewasfound.

  ⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.

  三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?

  答:

  

(1)、Threefounders

  1、Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯〔580?

-?

500B.C.,希腊哲学家、数学家〕①Allthingswerenumbers.

  ②Scientificmathematics.

  ③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论

  2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源

  ②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一

  3、Democritus德谟克利特(460?

-370?

B.C.)古希腊哲学家①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者

  ②materialism.唯物主义

  

(2)、Threethinkers

  1、Socrates①Hehadn‘tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.

  ②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.

  2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.

  ②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.

  3、Aristotle①TheLyceum(亚里斯多德讲学的)莱森学园;亚里斯多德派的哲学isthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.

  ②Aristotleisahumanist.

  (3)、Fivecontendingschools(contend1.争夺,竞争;斗争,战斗2.争论,争辩)

  1、TheSophists诡辩派

  ①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.

  ②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论

  ③Hisdoctrine教义is“manisthemeasureofallthings”。

人是衡量一切的标准

  2、TheCynics犬儒派

  ①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.提奥奇尼斯〔住在桶中白昼点灯寻找正人君子的古希腊哲学家,纪元前412-323〕

  ②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.

  ③Heproclaimed宣扬hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.权利

  3、TheSceptics置疑学派

  ①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon古希腊-伊皮鲁斯

  ②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可获得的,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

  4、TheEpicureans享乐派

  ①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus伊比鸠鲁〔公元前342?

-270,古希腊杰出的唯物主义和无神论者〕.选择:

根据领导者的名字直接命名

  ②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.肉欲享乐

  Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通过实行道德获得

  Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子

  5、TheStoics斯多葛派

  ①UndertheleadershipofZeno.芝诺

  ②Hethoughtdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.

  Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艰难andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇气

  DevelopedintoStoics‘duty.

  Hewasalsoamaterialist.

  四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished?

  (WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?

DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive综合的systemofphilosophy?

  答:

  1、Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever—changingworld,menweretoattain获得knowledge.

  2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.

  3、Idealisticofphilosophy.

  4、ManyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.(吸收到基督教的思想中)

  五、What‘sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)?

  答:

  1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasized(强调)directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.(理论联系实际)ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘sreliance(依赖)onsubjectivethinking.(万物依赖主观思维)

  2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(具体的)individual(个别的)realities.(物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意识高于物质)

  3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.(善良和期待)

  一句话简答题Whatshouldbeman‘saiminlife?

  Aristotle‘sanswerwas:

happiness.

  六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?

  (WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert运用ontheworldcivilization文化?

  答:

  Therehasbee

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