欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记全十章.docx

1、欧洲文化入门知识点笔记全十章自考英语欧洲文化入门知识点笔记(全十章) 2006/09/05 17:45? 北京自考热线1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian elemen

2、t. 第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)s epics was created by Homer.5、The events of Homers own time. (错)(They are not about events

3、of Homers own time， probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homers epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)James Joyoes Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。 In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured i

4、n the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师 AeschylusPrometheus Bound模仿式作品 ShellyPrometheus Unbound Sophocles(之首)Oedipus the King Freuds “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) David Herbert LawrencesSons and lovers(劳伦斯)447页 EuripidesA.Trojan WomenB. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C

5、. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human” (一个纯粹的人)D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)， Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. 浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹13、History (Historical writing)

6、史学创作新古典主义代表作家格列夫游记大人国小人国温和的提议用讽刺的写作手法) “Father of History” Herodotus war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。 “The greatest historian that ever lived.” (有史以来最伟大的历史学家) Thucydides war (Sparta， Athens and Syracuse)14、The Greek historical writing write

7、s mainly about wars.15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St. Paul. Democritus (Materialism)16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收 17、 Euclids Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. (历史地位) ArchimedesHis work not only in geometry几何学，but also in arithmetic算术， mechanics机械， and hydrostatics.流体静力学选择

8、：Give me a place to stand， and I will move the world.谁的理论(Archimedes)18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格templeParthenon巴台农神庙 The Doric styleis also called masculine style. (宏伟的) (陶立克式的纯朴、古老的希腊建筑风格)but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned (单调)is sturdy (坚强的)， powerful, severe-looking (庄严肃穆) and showing a

9、 good sense of proportions and numbers. The Ionic style(爱奥尼亚式的)is also called the feminine style. (阴柔的)is graceful (优雅的) and elegant (优美的)。The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (装饰性) The Corinthian style(古希腊)科林斯(式)的)is known for its ornamental luxury. (奢侈)19、The famous temples： The Acrop

10、olis (雅典的卫城)at Athens and the Parthenon.20、The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.21、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)22、From 146 B.C.， Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.Greek that of the eastern half.23、Both Lat

11、in and Greek belong to Indo-European language.24、The Roman writer Horace(贺拉斯公元前65-8年，罗马诗人) said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。25、The dividing range(分水岭) in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.26、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods： republic and empire.27、The

12、 idea of Republic can be traced back to Platos republic.28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.29、north： Scotland east： Armenia (亚美尼亚)and Mesopotamia(美索不达米亚)30、In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman le

13、gions(罗马军团)31、In the Roman history， there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)32、名解In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana33、The Roman Law protected(保护) t

14、he rights of plebeians (平民)。34、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.35、After 395，the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine拜占廷的,东罗马帝国的Empire) and West.36、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Cic

15、eronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence(巨大影响) on the development of European prose.(散文)37、Julius Caesar commentaries批评论 “I came， I saw， I conquered.”38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C. (古希腊、罗马供奉众神的)万神殿The worlds first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所40、The Colosseum(大理石像) is an enor

16、mous.露天的环形影剧院41、Sculpture(雕塑) She-wolf(母狼)42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式论述简答一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？(名解简答)(How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient

17、Greece？ What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy？)答： Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”， but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. Women， children， foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democrac

18、y.二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？答： Probably around 1200 B.C.，a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion (入侵

19、) early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing (蒸蒸日上的) of science， philosophy， literature， art and historical writing in Athens. The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， Greece was conquered by Alexa

20、nder， king of Macedon. Wherever he went and conquered， wherever Greek culture was found. Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.， the Romans conquered Greece.三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？答：(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯580？-？500 B.C., 希腊哲学家、数学家 All things w

21、ere numbers. Scientific mathematics. Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue Fire is the primary(主要的) elements of the universe.火是万物之源 The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus德谟克利特(460？-370？B. C.)古希腊哲学家 the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者 materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinker

22、s1、SocratesHe hadnt works. We can know him from Platos dialogues.The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、PlatoThe Academy is the first school in the world， it was established by Plato.He has four works. Dialogues，Apology，Symposium and Republic.3、AristotleThe Lyceum (亚里斯多德讲学的)莱森学园；亚里斯多德派

23、的哲学 is the second school in the world， it was established by Aristotle.Aristotle is a humanist.(3)、Five contending schools (contend1.争夺，竞争；斗争，战斗2.争论，争辩)1、The Sophists诡辩派Under the leadership of Protagoras.The representative of work is On the God.诸神论His doctrine教义 is “man is the measure of all things”

24、。人是衡量一切的标准2、The Cynics犬儒派Under the leadership of Diogenes. 提奥奇尼斯住在桶中白昼点灯寻找正人君子的古希腊哲学家，纪元前412-323The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.He proclaimed宣扬 his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.权利3、The Sceptics置疑学派Under the leadership of Pyrrhon 古希腊-伊皮鲁斯His thought is not al

25、l knowledge was attainable可获得的， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派Under the leadership of Epicurus伊比鸠鲁公元前342？-270，古希腊杰出的唯物主义和无神论者. 选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment. 肉欲享乐Pleasure could be attained by the practice

26、of virtue.通过实行道德获得Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子5、The Stoics斯多葛派Under the leadership of Zeno. 芝诺He thought duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure忍受 hardship艰难 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇气Developed into Stoics duty.He was also a ma

27、terialist.四、What philosophy system did Plato established？(Why do we say Platos philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive综合的 system of philosophy？ )答：1、It dealt with， among other things， the problem of how， in the complex， everchanging world， men were to attain获得 k

28、nowledge. 2、The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.3、Idealistic of philosophy.4、Many of Platos ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. (吸收到基督教的思想中)五、Whats the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？答：1、 For one thing

29、， Aristotle emphasized(强调) direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.(理论联系实际)This is different from Platos reliance(依赖) on subjective thinking.(万物依赖主观思维)2、For another， he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete(具体的) individual(个别的) realities. (物质与意识共同构

30、成的客观事实)Here， too， he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(意识高于物质)3、Aristotle thought happiness was mens aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense， but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason， goodness and contemplation.(善良和期待)一句话简答题What should be mans aim in life？Aristotles answer was： happiness.六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development？(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert运用 on the world civilization文化？)答：There has bee