Teaching Plan 3.docx

Teaching Plan 3.docx

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TeachingPlan3

TeachingPlan3

Episode2MainCharacteristicsofEnglishVocabulary

Content:

Ⅰ.ThedevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary

Ⅱ.ReasonsofItsNewestDevelopment

Ⅲ.MainCharacteristics

Ⅳ.ClassificationofWords

Objectives:

TohelpSscometotheevolutionofEnglishvocabulary;

TohelpSsknowthedifferentcharacteristicsofEnglishvocabularychronologically;

TohelpSsknowthereasonsleadingtotheevolutionofEnglishvocabulary;

TohelpSsknowhowwordsareclassified.

FocalPointsanddifficulties:

ThechronologicalorderofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary;

ThereasonsleadingtothenewestdevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary.

TeachingMethods&Aids:

Lecturing;discussion;Q&A;PPT

Procedure:

1.ReviewtheseventypesofsensesbyaskingSstoidentifythedifferentsensesofthewordBREAD

2.ShowthecontentsofthenewchapterbydrawingSs’sattentiontopre-questions:

HowdidtheNormanConquestandtheRenaissanceinfluencetheEnglishvocabulary?

WheredidthemajorityofEnglishloanwordscomefrom?

WhatarethemaincausesforthenewestdevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary?

WhatarethefundamentalfeaturesofEnglishvocabulary?

Whatdocontentandfunctionwordsmean?

3.DiscussthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary

（1）OldEnglish/Anglo-SaxonPeriod

ThehistoryofEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngles,SaxonsandtheJutesfromabout450.ThevocabularyofOldEnglishcontainssomefiftyorsixtythousandwords,whichwerechieflyAnglo-SaxonwithasmallmixtureofOldNorse（theScandinavianlanguageinitsearlystage）wordsastheresultoftheScandinavianortheDanishconquestofEnglandintheninthcentury.

Duringthisperiod,thevocabularyisofGermaniccharacteristic,distinguishedbycompounding,whichcanbeillustratedbytheepicBeowulf’shaving1069compoundsin3183lines.

Theunstressedelementsinthecompoundbecomeaffixesgradually,thusderivationisgenerallyadopted.Thereareatleast24nounsuffixesand15adj.suffixessuchas–dom,-hood,-ship,-ness,-ful,-ish,etc.comingfromthisperiod.

Alliterationisappliedtoformexpressionssuchasmightandmain,friendandfoe,alaboroflove,etc.

AnabilitytodevelopnewwordsoutoftheexistingGermanicword-stockinsteadofborrowingforeignwords,e.g.

modcraeft（mind-skill）=intelligence

eorthcraeft=geometry

fotadl（foot-disease）=gout痛风病

fiellesseocnes（falling-sickness）=epilepsy癫痫症

However,thefirstbatchofLatinloanwordscarriedbyRomecultureandChristianitycameintoEnglishvocabularywithAugustine,apriestfromRomein597.

（2）MiddleEnglishPeriod

EnglishischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;Englishceasedtofunctionasofficiallanguage,butthemassescontinuedtospeakEnglish.OnlytowardstheendofthefifteenthcenturydidEnglishbecomeonceagainthelanguageofthewholecountry.

However,Englishshowedgreatchangesinitsvocabulary;thelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishwordsandtheadoptionofthousandsofFrenchwords.TheFrenchloanwordswerefoundineverysectionofthevocabulary:

lawandgovernmentaladministration（judge,jury,government,parliament,state…）,

militaryaffairs（conquest,sergeant,victory,etc.）,

religion（baptism,confess,divine,sermon,etc.）,

clothing（coat,dress,gown,robe,etc.）,

food（beef,mutton,pork,dinner,etc.）,

art（beauty,image,design,etc.）,

literature（chapter,poet,prose,etc.）,

science（medicine,remedy,surgeon）andsoon.

Atthesametime,Latinwordscontinuedtofloodin.

SomeaffixesofFrenchandLatinasdis-,en-,inter-,mal-,pre-,semi-,etc.wereAnglicized.CharacteristicsofFrenchcompounding,asn.+adj.（knight-errant）,andadv.+p.p.（by-gone）wereabsorbedinEnglishcompounding,whichwascalledRomanizationofEnglishbylinguistichistorians.

Themeaningofrootbegantoemerge.

（3）ModernEnglishPeriod

Intheearlystagesofthisperiod（1500-1700）,theRenaissanceresultedinthewholesaleborrowingfromLatin.TheLatinloanwordsweremostlyconnectedwithscienceandabstractideas（chemist,function,scientific,vacuum,area,irony,theory,education,exist,appropriate,precise）.

Inthelastperiod,GreekcameintoEnglishviaLatinorFrench,nowGreekwordscameintoEnglishvocabularybothindirectlyanddirectly.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords（drama,comedy,tragedy,lexicon,criterion,botanyandphysics）

Fromthe16thcenturyonward,EnglishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberofEuropeanlanguagessuchasItalian（concert,duet,piano,solo,tenor,model,studio）,Spanish（cargo,cocoa,cigar,vanilla,armada）,Portuguese（caste,pagoda）,German（bismuth,cobalt,nickel,zinc）,Dutch（dock,freight,keel）,Russian（vodka,troika,ruble,tsar）

Attheturnofthe19thand20thcentury,asaresultofexploration,colonizationandtrade,manyloanwordscameinfromnon-Europeanlanguages.

AfterWorldWarⅡ,theborrowingsloweddown,neologisms（newwordsornewmeaningsforestablishedwords）sweptinataratemuchfasterthanthatofthepre-warperiod.

4.AskSstosummarizeEnglishVocabularyinDifferentPeriods

ODP:

EVisofGermaniccharacteristic,distinguishedby

（1）compounding;

（2）derivation;

（3）alliteration;

（4）developmentofnewwordsoutofextantGermanicword-stock;

（5）graduallossofdeclensions;

（6）firstbatchofLatinloanwordsbecauseofAugustine’spreachingfromRomein597.

MEP:

EVischaracterizedby

（1）lossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishwordsandthegeneraladoptionofFrenchwordsduetothestronginfluenceoftheNormanConquestin1066;

（2）thecontinuedfloodinginofLatinloanwords;

（3）AnglicizationofFrenchandLatinaffixesandRomanizationofcompounding;

（4）theappearanceofroot;

（5）thevanishingoftheinflectionalsystemofOldEnglish.

MEP:

EVisfeaturedby

（1）thewholesaleborrowingfromLatinbecauseoftheRenaissance;

（2）thedirectandindirectintroductionsofGreekwordsintoEnglish;

（3）borrowingsfromotherEuropeanlanguages;

（4）borrowingsfromnon-Europeanlanguagesbecauseofexploration,colonizationandtrade;

（5）theslowingdownofborrowingandtherapidemergingofneologisms.

5.DiscusstheReasonsofItsNewestDevelopment

（1）MarkedProgressofScienceandTechnology

Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyresultedinwordssuchascybernetics,bionics,chainreaction,radioactivity,neutronbomb,medium-rangeballisticmissiles,SAM,cosmonaut,countdown,spaceshuttle,launchingpad,software,hardware,input,output,programming,database,hovercraft（groundeffectmachine）,nano-technology,nanomachine,nanocomputer,lasercomp,fax,camcorder,flat-screenTV,maglevtrain,warez,shortmessage,cellphone,CRBT,GPS,etc.

（2）Socio-Economic,PoliticalandCulturalChanges

Internalpoliticalstruggle/CivilRightsMovementsintheU.S.gaverisetoalargenumberofnewwords:

sit-in,swim-in,kneel-in,ride-in,smoke-in,stall-in,camp-ininwhich“in”means“demonstration”orteach-in,eat-in,be-in,sing-in,love-in,andlaugh-in,inwhich“in”denotes“publicgatheringoractivities”.

Women’sLiberationMovementledtotheappearanceofMs,chairperson,chairwoman,feminism,malechauvinism,sexism,etc.

Constanteconomicandpoliticalchangescauseexistenceofnewwordslike

*euro;

*watergate（apoliticalscandalreminiscentoftheWatergateIncident→v.todealwithinacovertorcriminalmanner）,similarly,Reagongate,Koreagate,Debategate,Pearlgate,harborgate,copygate,sugargate,briefing-gate,nannygateandClintongate,etc.

*Clintonian;（oforhavingtodowiththepoliciesofBillClinton;apersonwhofavorsthepoliciesofBill）,Clintonism;Clintonomics;

*Clintonspeak;（thetypicallanguage,jargonorvocabularyofClinton→thewayofspeakingfeaturedbyhedging）Similarly,doublespeak,oldspeak,computerspeak,netspeak,artspeak,sportspeak,bizspeak,etc.areaddedtotheEnglishvocabulary,ofwhich–speakmeans“specificwayofspeakinginthefirsttwowords”,“specificlanguage”intherestfivewords.

*bushlips:

meaningdisingenuouspoliticalstatementsofGeorgeBush.

AnarticleOntheInternet,entitledBarrackObama’sNameInspiresFlurryofNewwords,drewourattentiontothecompilationofsomebuzzwordsconcernedwithObamainUrbanDictionaryandWordSpy,e.g.

*obamation:

processofpeopleconstantlyimpersonatingorputtingthemselvesinObama’sshoes,thinkingwhatObamawillthink,whatObamawillsayorusingObama’squoteslike,“puttinglipstickonapig”.

*obamatarian:

anavidsupporterofthenewly-electedPresident,BarackObama

*obamafied:

apersonofAfro-AmericandescentwhohasbecomesimilartoBarackObamainmanner

*obamacon:

aconservativevoterwhosupportsDemocraticcandidateBarackObamaintheelection

*baracknophobia:

fearofanAfrican-AmericanPresident;negativefeelingsaboutPresidentB.O.

MoreExamples:

thelostgeneration（1920s）;

thebeatgeneration（1940s）;

thesilentgeneration（1950s）;

babyboomers（1947-1961）→theVietnamgeneration（1960s）;

the“me”generation（1970s）;

X-ers→theXgeneration（1990s）;

millenniumgeneration（2000-）.

Newsocialhabitsandnewlivingconditionsnecessitatetheintroductionofnewwordslikeinstantcoffee/noodles,snack,creditcard,fringebenefit,hirepurchase,dress-downFriday,loyaltycard,prenup,trophywife,homeshopping,hoffice,goldengoodbye,etc.

Changesineducationresultedinopenclassroom,openuniversity,TVeducation,distanceed