各个大学英语综合考研真题.docx

各个大学英语综合考研真题.docx

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各个大学英语综合考研真题

上海外国语大学2008年英语综合考研真题

I.CLOZE（30points）

Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithawordprovidedinthebox.Youmaychangethewordsintotheirproperformsifneededsothatthewordsyouputinwillbegrammaticallyandsemanticallyappropriate.YoucanonlyusethewordsintheboxONCE.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.

abrasiveadaptablebathbehalfchallengeclearcrowdeddistractingedgefacefindfootgogoldhospitalkeylandliveopenotherpatientrationrecognizesamesoultaketracetrackworldworthy

Allthreewinnersofthisyear’sNobelPrizeforMedicineareeminentscientists,butMarioCapecchiistheonewiththespiral-staircasestory:

thestarving,homelessItalianstreetkidwhofoundhiswaytoAmerica,toHarvard,toUtah,evertherefugee,beforefinallyarrivingateternalgloryandtheNobelPrize.

It’sinmanywaysafamiliartale,OliverTwistmeetsAlbertEinstein,thepilgrimwhocomestothepromisedlandexpecting,ashesays,“theroadstobepavedin

（1）.WhatIfoundactuallywasjustopportunity.”Buthistoryalsohasenoughniceserratededgesto

（2）ourtheoriesaboutgenesandgeniusandwhatreallymakesuswhoweare.

Youcouldsaythevisionarygeneticisthada（3）geneticedge.Capecchi’sgrandmotherwasapainter,hisunclearenownedphysicist,andhismotherLucyRamberganexpatAmericanpoet（4）inachaletintheItalianAlpswhenMariowasbornin1937.Shehadfalleninwithagroupofbohemianwriterswhobelieved,hersonsayswithjusta（5）ofbemusement,that“theycouldwipeoutFascismandNazismwithapen.”AftertheGestapocamein1941totakehertoDachau,Mario（6）onthestreets.Hewas4yearsold.

Allchildrenhavetheirownnormal;theyhavenotyetseenanyworldsotherthantheirown.Capecchi’s（7）wasanuncontrolledexperimentinresilience.“Ineverfeltsorryformyself,”herecalls,“Childrenareremarkably（8）.Puttheminasituation,andtheysimplywilldowhateveritistheyneedtodo.”

Forhisbandofurchins,thatmeantacunningmethodicalpursuitoffoodandshelter.Theyworkedtogetherlikeraptors,onechild（9）thestreetvendorssoanothercouldstealthefruit.Capecchifinallylandedina（10）inReggioEmilia,wherehecouldstarvemoresystematically.Thedaily（11）inReggioEmilia,wherehecouldstarvemoresystematically.Thedaily（11）wasapieceofbreadandsomechicorycoffee,andtodeepthechildrenfromrunningoff,“they（12）allofourclothesaway.”Helayonabedwithnosheers,noblankets,feverishwithhunger.Itwastherehelearnedtheartof（13）plottingasheimaginedallthewayshemightescapeandtheobstacleshe’d（14）todoso.

In1945,whenAmericansoldiersliberatedDachau,Lucywenthuntingforherson.Shescouredhospitalrecords,searchingformorethanayearbeforeshe（15）himdown.Itwasonhis9thbirthday,Oct.6,1946,thatthemotherhescarcely（16）arrived,anewTyroleanoutfitinhand,includingthehatwiththefeather.ShetookhimtoRome,wherehehadhisfirst（17）insixyears,andultimatelytotheNewWorld,wheretheysettledinQuakerCommuneoutsidePhiladelphia.

Creativity,Capecchioncesaid,comesfrom“the（18）juxtaposition”oflifeexperiences.Hisoldlifeandnewonecertainlyrubbedeachotherraw.Someteacherswroteofftheferalboywhohadneverset（19）inaschoolandspokenoEnglish;butothersgavehimpaintsandtoldhimtomakemuralstocommunicate.Onedayhewasbeatingupthe（20）third-graders,sincethatwaswhatheknewhowtodo.Andsoonhewasbeatingupolderkidson（21）ofhispeers.“Thatgavemeaposition,”hesays,“somesocialstanding.”

Capecchiultimately（22）hiswaytoHarvard,thecenteroftheuniverseintheearlydaysofmolecularbiology.Buthefelt（23）bycolleagueswhoserivalriesconsumedthemasmuchastheirresearch.SohesetofffortheUniversityofUtah,wherethesightlinessuitedhimbetterandcollegialitywasthe（24）tosuccess.Helivesinahousehighoveracanyon.“Ilovelookingacrosslongdistance,”hesays.“Ithinkitsortof（25）upmymind.”

Thisvistaisnecessaryforhisworkaswellashis（26）.Capecchilooksatscienceasaseriesofcircles:

thesmallestcircleistheoneinwhicheveryoneisdoingthe（27）thing.Asyoumovefartherout“fewerpeoplearewillingtogothere,butyou’rechartingnewarea.（28）toofar.Stepoutofbounds,andyou’reinsciencefiction.Soyouhavetobecareful,Butyouwanttobeasclosetothe（29）aspossible.”Whenhefirstproposedmanipulatingmousegenestohelpmodeldisease,theNIHgatekeepersthoughthewasovertheline,“Not（30）ofpursuit,”theysaidofhisgrantproposals.HappilyCapecchiignoredthem.Nowhetriumphedinspiteofhisordeals.

Ⅱ.PROOF-READING&ERRORCORRECTION（20points）

ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrcectitinthefollowingway:

Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“^”signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline

Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Example

When^artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,

（1）^an

itneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs

（2）never

themonthewall.Whenanaturalhistory

museumwantsanexhibition,itmustoften（3）exhibition-exhibit

buildit.

Note:

writeyouranswerontheanswersheet.

Inhis1988bestsellerABriefhistoryofTime,StephenHawkingmadereaderswonder:

iftheuniverseisexpanding,whereisitexpandingto?

NowHawkinghasteameduphisdaughter,Lucy

（1）with

Hawking,towriteGeorge’sSecretKeytotheUniverse,

thefirstinatrilogyofnovelsdirectedatthefertilemindsof

children.Inaninterviewone-mail,Hawkingexplains:

（2）

“Theaimofthebookistoencouragechildren’ssenseof

wonderattheuniverse.Wewantthemtolookupoutward.（3）

Onlythenwilltheybeabletomaketherightdecisionsto

safeguardthefutureofthehumanrace.”

George’sSecretKeytotheUniverse,aimed9-to11-year-olds,（4）

tellsthestoryofayoungboy,George,andacheeryastrophysicist,

Eric,whotalkingcomputeropensaportaltotheknown（5）

universe.Theduodonspacesuitsandusetheportaltosearch

forplanetstowhichhumanitycanescapetheirreversible（6）

warmingoftheearth.Alongtheway,Georgeandthereader

learnfromthebasicsofastrophysicsandastronomythrough（7）

illustrationsandcaptionedphotographs.“Youdon’tneed

actualsecretkeytoexploretheuniverse,”Georgeultimately（8）

discovers.“There’sonethateveryonecanuse.It’scalledphysics.”

TheHawkingsportraytheuniverseasharmonyand（9）

largelybenign.Butourpresentknowledgeoftheuniversesuggests

thatitis,infact,adesolateandoftenviolentexpanseplacein（10）

whichhumankindplaysaninconsequentialrole.

Ⅲ.READINGCOMPREHENSION（45points）

Inthissection,therearefivereadingpassagesfollowedbyatotalof30multiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenwriteyouranswersonyourAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

ThisdictionaryisforpeoplewhowanttousemodernEnglish.ItoffersaccurateanddetailedinformationonthewaymodernEnglishisusedinallkindsofcommunication.ItisausefulguidetowritingandspeakingEnglishaswellasanaidtoreadingandunderstanding.

Thisdictionarylooksratherlikemostothersifyoudon’tlooktooclosely.Actuallyitisquitenewanddifferent.Thetechniquesusedtocompileitarenewanduseadvancedcomputertechnology.Fortheuser,thekindofinformationisdifferent,thequalityofinformationisdifferent,andthepresentationoftheinformationisdifferent.

Forthefirsttime,adictionaryhasbeencompiledbythethoroughexaminationofarepresentativegroupofEnglishtext,spokenandwritten,runningtomanymillionsofwords.Thismeansthatinadditiontoallthetoolsoftheconventionaldictionarymakers—widereadingandexperienceofEnglish,otherdictionariesandofcourseeyesandears—thisdictionaryisbasedonhard,measurableevidence.Nomajorusesaremissed,andthenumberoftimesauseoccurshasastronginfluenceonthewaytheentriesareorganized.Equally,thelargegroupoftexts,calledthecorpus,givesusreasonablegroundsforomittingmanyusesandword-formsthatdonotoccurinit.Itisdifficultforaconventionaldictionary,intheabsenceofevidence,todecidewhattoleaveout,andalotofquitemisleadinginformationisthuspreservedinthetraditionoflexicography.

Thisdictionarymakesabreakwithsuchtraditions.Wehavegonebacktobasicsandcollectedmanymillionsofwords,andputthemintoaverylargecomputer.Thedictionaryteamhashaddailyaccesstoabout20millionwords,withmanymoreinspecializedstores.Thewordscamefrombooks,magazines,newspapers,pamphlets,leaflets,conversation,radioandtelevisionbroadcasts.Thesourcesaregratefullyacknowledgedonpagexxii.TheaimwastoprovideafairrepresentationofcontemporaryEnglish.

Nosetoftexts,howeverlarge,canbefullyreliedon;allthetimetheinformationfromthetextshasbeenanalysedandappraisedbyateamoflexicographers,whoseprofessionalknowledgehasalsobeenusedwhereverthereisonlyasmallamountofevidenceoftheusageofawordorphrase.

Thequalityofinformationinthisdictionaryisdifferentfromothers.Withourtexturalevidenceitispossibletobepreciseabouttheshapeofphrasesandthee