人体工程学外文翻译巴林学校家具的人体测量学设计节选.docx

人体工程学外文翻译巴林学校家具的人体测量学设计节选.docx

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人体工程学外文翻译巴林学校家具的人体测量学设计节选

AnthropometricsforthedesignofBahrainischoolfurniture

M.Mokdada,,M.Al-Ansarib

aDepartmentofPsychology,CollegeofEducation,UniversityofBahrain,Sakhir,Bahrain

bDepartmentofPhysicalEducation,CollegeofEducation,UniversityofBahrain,Sakhir,Bahrain

abstract

ThispaperpresentstheresultsofananthropometricsurveycarriedoutonasampleofmaleandfemaleBahrainischoolchildrenaged6–12years（N¼1174）,tothrowsomelightontheanthropometricparametersofBahrainistudentsinordertoprovideschoolfurnituredesignersandimporterswithrelevantdata.Asetof44bodydimensionscoveringmostbodypartsweremeasured,fromwhichsixbodydimensionsrelevanttoschoolfurnituredesignwereconsidered.Resultsshowagradualincreasefromage6toage12inallbodydimensions.Whencomparedwithchildrenfromothernationalities,Bahrainichildrenwerealmostallofmediumheightandweight.Thispaperalsoshowshowtheresultscanbeusedinschoolfurnituredesign.Relevancetoindustry:

The21stcenturyhasseenalotofinterestinchildren,especiallyschoolchildrenasitiswellknownthatmanyposturalproblems,suchasbackpainandrepetitivestraininjuries,startatanearlyage.Therefore,ergonomicsdesignforchildrenisasimportantasdesigningforadults.Anthropo-metricdataareessentialforthisdesign.

Keywords:

AnthropometryAnthropometricdataSchoolfurniturePrimaryschoolchildrenBahrain

1.Introduction

Ergonomicsaimstodesignworkandenvironmentforpeople,sothattheycanworkeasily,effectivelyandsafely.Inthebeginning,i.e.inthe1950s,ergonomicswasamilitaryconcern,butstartingfromthe1960sitwaswidelyappliedintheindustrial,agricultural,andservicesectors.

Educationaspartoftheservicesectorhasalsobeenaconcernforergonomistssincetheseventies,andvariousmodelsconcerningitsapplicationhavebeenpublished.AccordingtoKao’smodel（Kao,1976）,thecomponentsthatshouldbeconsideredbyeducationalergonomistsarelearningergonomics,instructionalergonomics,ergonomicsofeducationalfacilities,ergonomicsofeducationalequipmentandtheergonomicsofeducationalenvironment.Althoughitwassuggestedasearlyasthe1970s,itisanextensiveandcomprehensivemodel.

Toachieveitsaims,ergonomicsusesvarioustoolsandtech-niques,ofwhichanthropometryistheoldest.Moreover,anthro-pometricmeasurementsareessentialasbasicdescriptiveinformationonbodycompositionandnutritionalstatus.Theyarelinkedtoenergyintake,physicalactivity,energymetabolismandmetabolicefficiency.Theincidenceofchronicdiseasemayberelatedtoanthropometricpatterns;e.g.,obesityhasbeeniden-tifiedasariskfactorforcoronaryheartdisease,highbloodpressureandparticularcancersites.Theratiobetweencircum-ferencesofwaistandhipwasfoundtobeassociatedwithelevatedriskforheartdisease（Gillum,1987;Tayloretal.,2000）.Throughanthropometry,ergonomicscollectsinformationaboutpeoplesothatwork,machines,toolsandenvironmentarefittedtohumans.Sinceitsemergenceattheendofthe1940s,varioussectionsofthepopulation（i.e.militarymen,industrialworkers,women,theelderly,andagriculturalworkers）havebeenanthropometricallystudiedbothindevelopedaswellasdevel-opingcountries.However,itisimportanttostressthatwhileconsideringdevelopingcountries,twoobservationsaretobedrawn.Theseare:

1.Anthropometricsurveysthathavebeencarriedoutinthesecountriesarenotextensive.Somesectionsofthepopulation

（e.g.women,children）havenotbeenstudiedextensively,eitherduetosocialandtraditionalfactors,orduetoneglect.

2.Someanthropometricstudieshavebeencarriedoutintheearlyyearsofergonomics.Knowingthatpeopleindevelopingcountriesarewitnessingasecularchangeduetoimprovednutritionalprogramsandgoodhealthandsocialandsecuritypractices,itispossibletothinkthatoldanthropometricresultsarenotrelevant,andshouldbere-evaluated.Childrenindevelopingcountriesrepresentabout25%ofthewholepopulation.Themajorityofthesechildren（i.e.,about90%）areinschools,especiallyincountrieswhereprimaryschoolingisobligatory.InBahrain,children（age5–14years）

representaround24.9%ofthewholepopulation（742,562）（DirectorateofStatistics,2006）.Respondingtothegeneraliza-tionofschoolinglaw（No.27for2005）,about99%ofchildrenareinschools.Schoolworkrequireschildrentositfor‘‘extended’’periodsoftime（Freudentjaletal.,1991;KnightandNoyes,1999）.Itisatthisstageofphysicaldevelopment（thefirstfouryearsatschool）thatabnormalitiesinthespinalcolumncancomeaboutasaresultofincorrectposture,frequentlycausedbyincorrectsittingposturesandinappropriateschoolfurniture（Parcellseta