词汇专有名词定义.docx

词汇专有名词定义.docx

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词汇专有名词定义

词汇专有名词定义

3“logie”means“learningorthestudyof”

4lexicologymeans“scienceoftheword”.

5semantics:

thestudyofthemeaningsofwordsandotherpartsoflanguage.

6etymology:

studiesthemeanings,originandhistoryofindividualwordsandtheirdevelopment.

7phraseology（成语学）:

mainlydealswithsetexpressionsandidioms.

8awordis“aminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction”.

9vocabulary:

totalnumberofwordsthatmakeupalanguage.

10basicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaumulatedovercenturiesandformsthemoncoreofthelanguage.

11stability.wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies,

12productivity.wordsofthebasicstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.

13polysemy.wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoften

possessmorethanonemeaning

14collocability.manywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.instancesarenumerous.

15argot—generallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.

16dialectalwords——arewordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.

17archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceinmonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.18neologisms-arenewly-createdwordsorexpressions.

19aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.

20translation-loans.translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheenglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

21semantic-loans.wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.

22sothethreesoundsarecalledphonemesratherthanmorphemes.

23themorphemeis‘thesmallestfunctioningunitinthepositionofwords’

24allomorphs（词素变体/语素变体/形位变体）

donotouratrandom,butarephoicallyconditionedandthuspredictable:

25afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.

26morphemes（粘附词素）whichcanmotour（standalone）asseparatewordsareboundmorphemes.

27boundrootisthatpartofwordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.

28affixes:

affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction（allaffixesareboundmorphemes）.

29derivationalaffixes:

areaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.

30affixation（词缀法）isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formorderivationalaffixestostems.affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:

prefixationandsuffixation.

31prefixation前缀法istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

32suffixation后缀法istheformationofwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

33pound复合句isa‘lexicalunitconsistingmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword’.

34conversion（词类转化法/转类法）istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.

35blending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbybiningpartsoftwowords.

36clipping截短法istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.

37acronymy（首字母拼音法）istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms

38initialisms首字母缩略（合）词arewordspronouncedletterbyletter.thelettersareseparatedbyperiods,butmostofthemhavenoperiodsbetweenletters.

39acronyms（首字母拼音词）arewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.

40back-formation（逆生法）

back-formationistheprocessofcreatinganewwordsby

removingarealorsupposedsuffix.

41reduplication（重叠法/递接法）

reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichapoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofonewordortwowordswithachangeeitherinvowelorinconsonant.42analogy类比

analogyisaprocesswherebywordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords（newlycreatedonesorexistingones）.

43onomatopoeia（=echoism）

（拟声法/拟声词）onomatopoeia：

theformationofawordfromasound.

44connotativemeaning（内涵意义）

connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationswhichawordsuggestsorimplies.

45connotativemeaningisunstable,varyingconsiderablyaordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.

46affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.

47polysemy（多义关系）

polysemyisamonfeaturetoallnaturallanguages.

48perfecthomonyms（完全同形同音异义词）arewords

identicalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,49homographs（同形异音异义词）arewordsidenticalonlyspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,

50homophones（同音异形异义词）arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning

51narrowing/specialization词义的缩小

52elevationofmeaning词义的升华

53degradation/pejoration词义的降格

54transferenceofmeaning词义的转移

55euphemism委婉语