词汇专有名词定义.docx

1、词汇专有名词定义词汇专有名词定义 3“logie”means“learningorthestudyof” 4lexicologymeans“scienceoftheword”. 5semantics:thestudyofthemeaningsofwordsandotherpartsoflanguage. 6etymology:studiesthemeanings,originandhistoryofindividualwordsandtheirdevelopment. 7phraseology(成语学）:mainlydealswithsetexpressionsandidioms. 8awor

2、dis“aminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction”. 9vocabulary:totalnumberofwordsthatmakeupalanguage. 10basicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaumulatedovercenturiesandformsthemoncoreofthelanguage. 11stability.wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies, 12p

3、roductivity.wordsofthebasicstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords. 13polysemy.wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoften possessmorethanonemeaning 14collocability.manywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.instancesarenumerous. 15argotge

4、nerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals. 16dialectalwordsarewordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion. 17archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceinmonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.18neologisms-arenewly-createdwordsorexpressions. 19aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheirorigina

5、lpronunciationandspelling. 20translation-loans.translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheenglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage. 21semantic-loans.wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform. 22sothethreesoundsarecalledphonemesrathert

6、hanmorphemes. 23themorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthepositionofwords 24allomorphs(词素变体/语素变体/形位变体) donotouratrandom,butarephoicallyconditionedandthuspredictable: 25afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning. 26morphemes(粘附词素)whichcanmotour(standalone)asseparatewordsareboundmorphemes. 2

7、7boundrootisthatpartofwordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot. 28affixes:affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction(allaffixesareboundmorphemes). 29derivationalaffixes:areaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords. 30affixation(词缀法)isgenerallydefined

8、astheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formorderivationalaffixestostems.affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation. 31prefixation前缀法istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems. 32suffixation后缀法istheformationofwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems. 33pound复合句isalexicalunitconsistingmorethanones

9、temandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword. 34conversion(词类转化法/转类法)istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech. 35blending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbybini

10、ngpartsoftwowords. 36clipping截短法istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead. 37acronymy(首字母拼音法)istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms 38initialisms首字母缩略（合）词arewordspronounce

11、dletterbyletter.thelettersareseparatedbyperiods,butmostofthemhavenoperiodsbetweenletters. 39acronyms(首字母拼音词）arewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword. 40back-formation(逆生法) back-formationistheprocessofcreatinganewwordsby removingarealorsupposedsuffix. 41reduplication(重叠法/递接法) redupl

12、icationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichapoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofonewordortwowordswithachangeeitherinvowelorinconsonant.42analogy类比 analogyisaprocesswherebywordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords(newlycreatedonesorexistingones). 43onomatopoeia(=echoism) (拟声法/拟声词)onomatopoeia：theformation

13、ofawordfromasound. 44connotativemeaning(内涵意义) connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationswhichawordsuggestsorimplies. 45connotativemeaningisunstable,varyingconsiderablyaordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual. 46affectivemeaningindicatesthespeakersattitudetowardsthe

14、personorthinginquestion. 47polysemy(多义关系) polysemyisamonfeaturetoallnaturallanguages. 48perfecthomonyms(完全同形同音异义词)arewords identicalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,49homographs(同形异音异义词)arewordsidenticalonlyspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning, 50homophones(同音异形异义词)arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning 51narrowing/specialization词义的缩小 52elevationofmeaning词义的升华 53degradation/pejoration词义的降格 54transferenceofmeaning词义的转移 55euphemism委婉语