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考研英语一真题与答案解析
2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
（一）
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）
Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:
childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.
4,whydowetrustatall?
Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure
8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:
InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswere
readytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.
11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.A
Canadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate
13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toan
adulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,
―What’sin
here?
‖beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,
―Wow!
Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theother
half16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.
Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18to
cooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthatthey
trustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired
with
the
―20‖testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.
1.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from
2.[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest
3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price
4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again
5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When
6.[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains
7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare
8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to
9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle
10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters
11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic
12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight
13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over
14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted
15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside
16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered
17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked
18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled
19.[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance
20.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby
choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）
Text1
Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:
Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?
Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathigh
riskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthe
middle
class
disproportionately
squeezed.
Lower-income
jobs
like
gardening
or
day
care
don't
appealto
robots.
But
many
middle-class
occupations-trucking,
financial
advice,
software
engineering
—have
arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbe
fine.
Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheaval
hasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowell
for
Luddites
whose
jobs
were
displaced
by
mechanized
looms,
butit
eventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.
Likewise,
automation
should
eventually
boost
productivity,
stimulate
demandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.
But
in
the
medium
term,
middle-class
workers
may
need
alot
of
help
adjusting.
Thefirststep,
asErikBrynjolfssonand
AndrewMcAfeeargueinThe
Second
MachineAge,
should
berethinking
education
and
job
training.
Curriculums
—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocusless
onmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.
Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskills
andhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstruction
affordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.
ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.
toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:
Startingnewcompaniesmustbe
madeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine
laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.
Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:
Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.
Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.
21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?
[A]Leadingpoliticians.[B]Low-wagelaborers.
[C]Robotowners.
[D]Middle-classworkers.
22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sview?
[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.
[B]Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.
[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled
[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided
23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison
[A]creativepotential.[B]job-huntingskills.[C]individualneeds.
[D]cooperativespirit.
24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat
[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.
25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith
[A]opposingviewsonit.
[B]possiblesolutionstoit.
[C]itsalarmingimpacts.
[D]itsmajorvariations.
Text2
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoung
AmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.
MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir
medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter
usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.
Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillful
at
separating
fact
from
fiction
in
cyberspace.
A
Knight
Foundation
focus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse
―distributed
trust
‖to
verify
stories.
They
cross-check
sources
andprefer
newsfromdifferentperspectives
—especiallythosethatareopenaboutany
bias.―Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityfor
educatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,
‖the
surveyconcluded.
Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconducted
in
Australia,
Britain,
and
the
United
States
by
the
University
of
Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople
’srelianceonsocialmedialed
togreaterpoliticalengagement.
Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately
and
immediately
while
also
permitting
them
tore-share
news
as
a
projection
oftheir
values
and
interests.
Thisforces
users
tobe
more
conscious
of
their
rolein
passing
along
information.
A
survey
by
Barna
researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenews
phenomenon
is―readererror,
‖more
so
thanmade-upstories
orfactual
mistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin
―misinterpretation
or
exaggeration
of
actual
news‖via
social
media.
In
otherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartof
the
issue.
―This
indicates
there
is
a
real
personal
responsibility
in
counteractingthisproblem,‖saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna
Group.
Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriti
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