大学六级考试阅读专项训练5篇.docx

大学六级考试阅读专项训练5篇.docx

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大学六级考试阅读专项训练5篇

Passage1

ReadingBaby'sMind

Thehelpless,seeminglyawkwardinfantstaringupatyoufromhislittlebed,hasalotmoregoingoninsidehisheadthanyoueverimagined.Awealthofnewresearchisleadingchildpsychologiststorethinktheirlong-heldbeliefsabouttheemotionalandintellectualabilitiesofevenveryyoungbabies.Scienceisnowgivingusamuchdifferentpictureofwhatgoesoninsidetheirheartsandheads.Longbeforetheyformtheirfirstwordsorattemptthefeatofsittingup,theyarealreadymasteringcomplexemotions-jealousy,empathy（移情）,frustration-thatwereoncethoughttobelearnedmuchlater.

ANewBabyResearch

LittleVictoriaBatemanisblue-eyedandascuteababyasthereeverwas.At6months,sheisalsotrustingandunsuspecting,whichisagoodthing,becauseotherwiseshe'dnevergoalongwithwhat'sabouttohappen.It'sasunnyJuneafternooninLubbock,Texas,andinsidetheHumanScienceslabatTexasTechUniversity,Victoria'smotherissettlingherdaughterintoahighchair,wheresheisthelatestsubjectinanongoingexperimentaimedatunderstandingthewaybabiesthink.SybilHart,anassociateprofessorofhumandevelopmentandleaderofthestudy,trainsvideocamerasonmotheranddaughter.Everythingisset.Harthandsthemother,CherylBateman,achildren'sbook, ElmoPopsIn, andinstructshertoengrossherselfinitspages."Justhaveaconversationwithmeaboutthebook,"Harttellsher."Themostimportantthingis,donotlookatVictoria."Asthetwowomenchat,Victorialooksaroundtheroom,feelingalittlebored.

Afterafewminutes,Hartleavestheroomandreturnscradlingalifelikebabydoll.Dramatically,HartplacesitinCherylBateman'sarms,andtellshertoembracethedollwhilecontinuingtoignoreVictoria."That'sOK,littlebaby," Batemancoos,huggingandrockingthedoll.Victoriaisnotboredanymore.Atfirst,shecracksherbestsmile.Whenthatdoesn'twork,shebeginskicking.Buthermompayshernomind.That'swhenVictorialosesit.Soonshe'scryingsoharditlookslikeshemightspitup.Hartrushesin."OK,we'redone,"shesays,andtakesbackthedoll.CherylBatemangoestocomfortherdaughter."I'veneverseenherreactlikethattoanything,"shesays.Overthelast10months,Harthasrepeatedthescenehundredsoftimes.It'sthesameinnearlyeverycase:

tinybabies,overwhelmedwithjealousy.EvenHartwasstunnedtofindthatinfantscouldexperienceanemotion,which,untilrecently,wasthoughttobewaybeyondtheirgrasp.

FindingsofBabyResearch

Thenewresearchissuretoconfusenewparents-see,Juniorisagenius-butit'smorethanjustanacademicexercise.Armedwiththenewinformation,pediatricians（儿科医生）arestartingtochangethewaytheyevaluatetheiryoungestpatients.Inadditiontotrackingphysicaldevelopment,theyarenowfocusingmuchmoredeeplyonemotionaladvancement.Theresearchshowshowpowerfulemotionalwell-beingistoachild'sfuturehealth.Ababywhofailstomeetcertainkey"emotionalmilestones"  mayhavetroublelearningtospeak,readand,later,dowellinschool.Byreadingemotionalresponses,doctorshavebeguntodiscoverwaystotellifababyasyoungas3monthsisshowingearlysignsofpossiblepsychologicaldisorders,includingdepression,anxiety,learningdisabilitiesandperhapsautism.   

Oneoftheearliestemotionsthateventinybabiesdisplayis,admirablyenough,empathy.Infact,concernforothersmaybehard-wiredintobabies'brains.Placeanewborndownnexttoanothercryinginfant,andchancesare,bothbabieswillsoonbewailing（悲叹）away."Peoplehavealwaysknownthatbabiescrywhentheyhearotherbabiescry,"saysMartinHoffman,apsychologyprofessoratNewYorkUniversitywhodidthefirststudiesoninfantempathyinthe1970s."Thequestionwas,whyaretheycrying?

"  Doesitmeanthatthebabyistrulyconcernedforhisfellowhuman,orjustannoyedbytheracket?

ArecentstudyconductedinItaly,whichbuiltonHoffman'sownwork,haslargelysettledthequestion.Researchersplayedforinfantstapesofotherbabies'crying.Aspredicted,thatwasenoughtostartthetearsflowing.Butwhenresearchersplayedbabies,  recordingsoftheirowncries,theyrarelybegancryingthemselves.Theverdict:

"thereissomeempathyinplace,rightfrombirth,"Hoffmansays.Theintensityoftheemotiontendstofadeovertime.Babiesolderthan6monthsnolongercrybutgrimace（作苦相）atthediscomfortofothers.By13to15months,babiestendtotakemattersintotheirownhands.They'lltrytocomfortacryingplaymate."WhatIfindmostcharmingiswhen,evenifthetwomothersarepresent,they'llbringtheirownmotherovertohelp," Hoffmansays.

Partofthatempathymaycomefromanotherearly-babyskill,theabilitytodiscernemotionsfromthefacialexpressionsofthepeoplearoundthem."Mosttextbooksstillsaythatbabiesyoungerthan6monthsdon'trecognizeemotions,"saysDianeMontague,assistantprofessorofpsychologyatLaSalleUniversityinPhiladelphia.Toputthatbelieftothetest,Montaguecameupwithatwistoneveryinfant'sfavoritegame,andrecruiteddozensof4-month-oldstoplayalong.Shebeganbypeekingaroundaclothwithabigsmileonherface.Predictably,thebabiesweredelighted,andstaredatherintently-thetime-testedwaytotellifababyisinterested.Onthefourthpeek,though,Montagueemergedwithasadlookonherface.Thistime,theresponsewasmuchdifferent."Theynotonlylookedaway,"shesays,butwouldn'tlookbackevenwhenshebegansmilingagain.Refusingtomakeeyecontactisaclassicbabysignofdistress.Anangryfacegottheirattentiononceagain,buttheirfacesshowednopleasure."Theyseemedprimedtobealert,evenvigilant,"Montaguesays."Irealizethat'sspeculativeinregardtoinfants...Ithinkitshowsthatbabiesyoungerthan6monthsfindmeaninginexpressions."

Theyarealsofarmoresophisticatedintellectuallythanweoncebelieved.Babies,asyoungas4months,haveadvancedpowersofdeductionandanabilitytounderstandtheintricatepatterns.Theyhaveasurprisinglyvisualpalette（燃料，调色板）,whichenablesthemtonoticesmalldifferences,especiallyinfaces,thatadultsandolderchildrenlosetheabilitytosee.Untilababyis3monthsold,hecanrecognizeaphotographofhismotherjustasquicklyasaphotoinwhicheverythingisintherightplace.

ChallengesandDangersofBabyResearch

Thismightbeagoodplacetopauseforawordaboutthechallengesanddangersofbabyresearch.Sincethesubjectscan'tspeakforthemselves,figuringoutwhat'sgoingoninsidetheirheadsisoftenamatterofreadingtheirfacesandbodylanguage.Ifthisseemsspeculative,it'snot.Overdecadesoftrialanderror,researchershavefine-tunedtheirobservationskillsandzeroedinonnumerousconsistentbabyresponsestovariousstimuli:

howlongtheystareatanobject,whattheyreachoutforandwhatmakesthemrecoilinfearordisgustcanoftentellexperiencedresearcherseverythingtheyneedtoknow.Morerecently,scientistshaveaddedEEGsandlasereyetracking,whichallowmoreprecisereadings.

1.  Thepassageismainlyaboutthoseresearchesthatfocusontheemotionalandintellectualabilitiesofthoseveryyoungbabies.

2.  ThepurposeoftheexperimentonVictoriaBatemanistofindouthowimportantthemother'sloveistoherbaby.

3.  Intheexperiment,VictoriaBatemancriedbecauseshethoughtthathermotherdidn'tloveheranymore.

4.  Onlythroughreadingemotionalresponsescandoctorstellwhethera3-monthbabywillgetpossiblepsychologicaldisorders.

5.  Pediatriciansarenowpayinglessattentiontophysicaldevelopmentoftheirbabypatientsbutmoreto_________________.

6.  Hoffman'sstudyrevealedthatbabiesareborntoshowothercryingbabies_________________.

7.  ThefindingsofDiane'stestdemonstratedthebaby'sabilitytorecognize_________________.

8.  Itisamazingtofindthatthevisualpaletteofababyhelpshimtonotice_________________. 

9.  Asforthechallenges,thoseresearchershavetoobtainthosefindingsaboutbabies'mindbyreading_________________.

10.  Inordertogainmoreprecisereadings aboutbabies' mind,scientistshaveadoptedtheskillsofEEGsand_________________. 

Passage2

ThePowerofPersonalAttitudes

Eachofusismadeupofvariousphysical,vital,andmentalparts.Thereisourphysicalbodyanditsorgans,muscles,etc;thevitalbeingwithitssensations,emotionsandfeelings,andthementalpartwithitsthoughts,memories,reasoningpower,beliefs,etc.Somewherebetweenouremotionsandourthoughtprocessinglieourattitudes--ouremotionalperceptionsaboutlife,aboutothers,eventowardsourownselves.Attitudesgenerallyexpresspositivelyandnegatively.E.g.whenIhavegoodfeelingstowardsmyworkortowardsothers,theattitudeispositive.WhenIfeelreluctanttodocertainthingsthatarenecessary,orshowhostilitytowardscertainindividuals,thenmyattitudeisnegative.

AttitudesAboutOurselves,Others,Life

Thoughwehavemanyattitudesaboutallaspectsoflife,ifwelookalittlecloserwecanidentifythreebasictypes—thosethathavetodowithourselves,thosewehaveaboutothersandtheobjectsaroundus,andthosewehavetowardslifeitself.Anexampleofanegativeattitudeaboutourselvesishavinglowself-esteem,orlowself-confidence.Anexampleofawantingattitudesaboutothersisafeelingillwilltowardsanotherperson,orbeingmistrustfulofothers.Anexampleofanegativeattitudetowardslifeisbeingpessimisticthatthingswillneverturnoutwell.Thegoodnewshoweveristhatifwecha