现代语言学要点英语言文学自考.docx

现代语言学要点英语言文学自考.docx

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现代语言学要点英语言文学自考

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现代语言学学习笔记

第一章、绪论Introduction

1、语言学的主要分支是什么。

每个分支的研究对象是什么？

Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:

 Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy

 Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication

 Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication

 Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords

 Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences

 Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

 Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse

 Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

 Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.

 Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

  Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

 2、现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？

  Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"correct"ornot.

 3、什么叫共时研究？

什么叫历时研究？

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？

1）Arbitrariness。

Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2）Productivity。

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.

3）Duality。

Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.

4）Displacement。

Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5）Culturaltransmission。

Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.

5、Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？

   AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky, performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.

6、Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的？

  Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;

Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

7、什么是语言学？

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

8、口头语与书面语

Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:

1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution

2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting

3）speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage

9、语言与言语

Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity

Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse

10、能力与运用

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

11、几个术语

Prescriptive:

aimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behaviour.

Descriptive:

describeandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Synchronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime.

Diachronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.

Synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.

langue:

theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

Parole:

therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Competence:

theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

 Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

12、Designfeatures

AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspedified12designfeatures,fiveofwhichwillbediscussedhere.

1）Arbitratiness。

Differencesoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Thelanguagethatimitatenaturalsoundsandcompoundwordsarenon-arbitrarywords.Itmakeuponlyasmallercentageofthetotalnumberofwordsusedinalanguage.

   2）Productivity.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

3）Duality.languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorthebasiclevelisastructureofmeaninglesssounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphimesandwords.

4）Displacement.Languagescanbeusedtorefertocontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5）Culturaltransmission.Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.

13、名词解释

1Linguisitics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescienticstudyoflanguage

2Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants

3Phonology”:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.

4Morphology:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”

6Semantics:

       Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:

Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.

7Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.

8Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.

9、Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyof languagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

14.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Traditionalgram­marisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"（religious,literary）writtenlan­guage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsau