1、现代语言学要点英语言文学自考一下为资料内容:=现代语言学学习笔记第一章、绪论Introduction1、语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么?Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any lingui
2、stic study Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used in communication Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are co
3、mbined to form sentences Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of use Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference
4、 to the workings of mind. Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of f
5、oreign and second languages. Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics.2、 现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别? Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary) written language . It sets models
6、for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or
7、not.3、什么叫共时研究?什么叫历时研究?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of
8、language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么? 1) Arbitrariness 。 It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal
9、it refers to. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages and that the same sound may be used to refer to different objects is another good example. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Some words, such as the words cr
10、eated in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity 。Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation
11、of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those that they have never said or heard before. 3) Duality 。It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower
12、or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4) Displacement 。It means tha
13、t language can be used to talk about what happened in the past, what is happening now, or what will happen in the future. Language can also be used to talk about our real word experiences or the experiences in our imaginary world. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed fro
14、m the immediate situations of the speaker. 5) Cultural transmission 。While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew. 5、 Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late
15、 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences
16、 that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as st
17、ress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. 6、 Saussure 是如何区分语言和言语的? The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this
18、century. Langue and parole are French words. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole
19、is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; It is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from
20、person to person, and from situation to situation.7、什么是语言学? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.8、口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: 1) s
21、peech precedes writing in terms of evolution 2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing 3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language 9、 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Paro
22、le refers to the realization of language in actual use 10、能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication 11、几个术语Prescriptive:aims to lay down rules for correct behaviour.Desc
23、riptive:describe and analyzes the language people actually use.Synchronic:the description of a language at some point in time.Diachronic:the description of a language as it changes through time .Synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.langue: the abstract linguistic system sha
24、red by all the members of a speech community.Parole: the realization of langue in actual use.Competence: the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12、Design featuresAmerican linguist Charles Hockett spedif
25、ied 12 design features, five of which will be discussed here.1) Arbitratiness。Difference sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. The language that imitate natural sounds and compound words are non-arbitrary words.It make up only a small ercentage of the total number of wo
26、rds used in a language. 2) Productivity.It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.3) Duality.language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or the basic level is a structure of meaningless sounds. But the sounds of lan
27、guage can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphimes and words.4) Displacement.Languages can be used to refer to context removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmission.Language is passed on from one generation to the next through
28、 teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.13、名词解释1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : The study of ho
29、w sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”-boyish,teach-teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes
30、 and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the w
31、ord seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social vari
32、ation in language.9、Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.14.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary) written language . It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects au
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